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Grade 11 Biology > Digestive System Test Review > Flashcards

Digestive System Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

The process of taking food into the body and absorbing the nutrients.

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

The molecules that the body consumes in order for metabolism to occur smoothly.

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3
Q

List the five nutrients used by the body and examples of each..

A
  1. Carbohydrates: pasta, bread, sweet potatoes, oatmeal.
  2. Fats: nuts, olive oil, avocado, cheese
  3. Protein: steak, eggs, Greek yogurt
  4. Vitamins and minerals: oranges, bell peppers, strawberries
  5. Water: All foods
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4
Q

List the three types of teeth and their purpose…

A

Incisors- cutting
Canines- tearing
Molars-grinding

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5
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process of absorbing substances into cells or across tissues and organs through diffusion and osmosis.

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6
Q

What is the appendix and where is it located?

A

An organ with a purpose uncertain by scientists. Some assume it is used as a store house for good bacteria. It is located off the ascending colon.

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7
Q

List 6 accessory organs

A 
Teeth/tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder 
Pancreas 
Appendix
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8
Q

Define enzyme

A

Proteins the body makes to break down nutrients.

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9
Q

Where is lipase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in panaceas, mouth and stomach
Secreted into small intestine
Digests fat

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10
Q

Where is Maltase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A 
Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine
Digests sugars(disaccharides and monosaccharides)
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11
Q

Where is amylase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in the mouth, secreted into mouth, digests starches

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12
Q

Where is peptidase made, where is it secreted, and what does it digest?

A

Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine, digested dipeptides into amino acids.

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13
Q

Where is trypsin made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in pancreas, secreted into small intestine, digests protein.

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14
Q

Where is pepsin made, where is it secreted into, and what does it digest?

A

Made in stomach, secreted into stomach, digests protein.

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15
Q

Where is lactase made, where is it secreted into, and what does it digest?

A

Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine, digests milk( disaccharides and monosaccharides.)

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16
Q

What is peristalsis and where does it occur?

A

Muscle contractions that push something down even against gravity. It occurs in the esophagus.

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17
Q

What is bile?

A

A fluid stored in the gall bladder that is released by the liver to break down fatty acids and fats.

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18
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A clump of food covered in saliva moving down the esophagus.

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19
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Mixing that occurs in the small intestine to break up large fat globs into smaller pieces that are easier for bile to break down.

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20
Q

What organism is found on the large intestine and what does in aid in?

A

Bacteria aids in absorption.

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21
Q

Name two sphincters in the digestive system and their location..

A

Cardiac sphincter: connects esophagus to stomach, is near heart.
Pyloric sphincter: connects stomach to small intestine.

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22
Q

List the parts and the function of the large intestine?

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

The large intestine absorbs water and vitamins into the blood stream.

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23
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Secretes, and makes bile
Detoxifies
Makes proteins to aid in blood clotting

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24
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

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25
Q

What is HCl, where is it produced, and what is it’s purpose?

A

Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach. It breaks down proteins to prepare for digestion and kills harmful bacteria.

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26
Q

Why does your stomach growl when you’re hungry?

A

The stomach is continually digesting, the growling is the sound of your digestive system churning with an empty stomach.

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into and what is their purpose?

A

Broken into starch(monosaccharides) is used for energy

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28
Q

What are fats broken down into and what is their purpose?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol, are used for energy storage and cell membrane building.

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29
Q

What are proteins broken down into and what is their purpose?

A

Broken into polypeptides and then into amino acids, used by most body cells because they require protein. (Amino acids are the building blocks)

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30
Q

What is water broken down into and what is it’s purpose?

A

Broken into hydrogen and oxygen, is essential for all life.

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31
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Insulin regulates the blood glucose levels by signalling the liver, muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood.

32
Q

List the symptoms, causes and treatment for type one diabetes..

A

Symptoms: fatigue, sudden weight lose, dehydration, nausea
Causes: bodies immune system starts destroying pancreatic cells that make insulin
Treatment: insulin injections, healthy eating

33
Q

List the symptoms, causes and treatment for type two diabetes..

A

Symptoms: dehydration, increased hunger, blurred vision
Causes: poor lifestyle choices and/ genetics
Treatments: taking prescription drugs and eating wiser, checking blood sugars levels daily.

34
Q

What are the symptoms, causes and treatment for diverticulosis?

A

Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation.
Causes: when pulses form isn’t the wall of the colon due to high pressure, due to low fibre diet.
Treatment: laxatives, fibre supplements, colostomy, antibiotics.

35
Q

What are the symptoms, causes and treatment for IBS

A

Symptoms: depression, diarrhea,constipation
Causes: stress, hormones, eating wrong
Treatment: antidepressants, probiotics

36
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that the body can not produce, therefore need to be ingested daily.

37
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by 1°c.

38
Q

What is cellular respiration? What is the BALANCED formula?

A

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2—6co2+6H2o+ATP

39
Q

What does ATP stand for?

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

A compound used by cells to release and store energy.

40
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine and what are their functions?

A

Duodenum: chemicals released here(sodium bicarbonate)
Jejunum: absorption of nutrients.
Ileum: absorbs vitamins

41
Q

A healthy body is made up of what?

A 
64% water
16% protein
16% fat
4% minerals
1% carbs
42
Q

Metabolism

A

Taking in nutrients and using energy

43
Q

What are the two processes of metabolism?

A

Catabolic reactions- breaking down bonds into monomers

Anabolic reactions- constructing things from the monomers

44
Q

What three digestive glands are outside the GI tract and which is the largest?

A

Liver, salivary, and pancreas.

The liver is the largest.

45
Q

What two digestive glands are inside the GI tract?

A

Digestive glands in the walls of the stomach and in the small intestine.

46
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed after going under complete digestion?

A

Absorbed into the blood stream to go to cells.

47
Q

What is a double sugar called and what is one example?

A

Disaccharide

Table sugar

48
Q

What is a Single sugar called?

A

Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose

49
Q

What is calcium used for and where can it be found in food?

A

Used to maintained and form teeth and bone. Can be found in dairy products.

50
Q

What is phosphorous used for and where can it be found in food?

A

Used for maintenance of teeth and bone. Found in milk and meat.

51
Q

What is iron used for and where can it be found?

A

Used to produced hemoglobin, found in steak.

52
Q

What is chlorine used for and where can it be found?

A

Maintain acid-base balance, found in salt

53
Q

What is sodium used for and where is it found?

A

Used to maintain acid-base balance, found in salt

54
Q

What is potassium used for and where is it found?

A

Acid-base balance, found in bananas

55
Q

What is Fluorine used for and where can it be found?

A

Used to help form teeth and bone, found in fluorinated water.

56
Q

What is iodine used for and where can it be found?

A

To make thyroid hormones and is found in seafood.

57
Q

What is zinc used for and where can it be found?

A

To make digestive enzymes and is found in meat.

58
Q

What is magnesium used for and where is it found?

A

Activation of enzymes and found in whole grains.

59
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the mouth?

A

Function: to break down food and start chemical digestion of starch.

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Secretes saliva and amylase.

60
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the salivary glands?

A

Function: to create saliva to break down starch.

Chemical digestion

Amylase, saliva

61
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the esophagus?

A

Function: to transport food from the mouth to the stomach.

Mechanical digestion

No enzymes

62
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the stomach?

A

Function: to store food while enzymes break down the food. It also kills off harmful bacteria.

Involves chemical and mechanical digestion

Secretes: pepsin, lipase, HCl, lysosomes

63
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the small intestine?

A

Function: to absorb the nutrients.

Involves both mechanical and chemical digestion

Secretions: maltase, lactase, sucrose, pepidase

64
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the liver and gall bladder?

A

Function:
Liver- secrete bile, detoxify, produce blood clotting proteins

Gall bladder- store and concentrate bile

No digestion

Secretes bile

65
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the pancreas?

A

Function: produce enzymes to break down carbs, protein, lipids, and nuclei acid.

No digestion

Secretes trypsin, lipase, pancreatic amylase, sodium bicarbonate.

66
Q

What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the large intestine?

A

Function: absorb water and vitamins into the blood stream

No digestion- only absorption

Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize acids.

67
Q

What do vitamins and minerals do?

A

Regulate body processes

68
Q

Describe the glycolysis process

A

Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. ATP and Nadh are produced. 2 ATP are used to break down the glucose.

4 high energy electrons are passed to the carrier Nad+ which transports it to the electron to the last phase.

69
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid is used to make carbon dioxide, NADH,ATP and FADH2. Co2 is expelled out when we breathe. Citric acid is formed.

70
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A

High energy electrons are used to turn ADP to ATP. water is produced, but needs oxygen.

71
Q

Where does each phase of cellular respiration take place?

A

Glycolysis- cytoplasm
Krebs cycle- inner membrane of mitochondria
Electron transport chain- inner membrane of mitochondria.

72
Q

How much energy is harvested in glycolysis?

A

10%

73
Q

What two products are released in the Krebs cycle?

A

Energy and carbon dioxide

74
Q

In the electron transport chain what reactant is required (accepts the electrons)?

How much energy comes from this process?

A

Oxygen

90%

75
Q

What is formed if there is not enough oxygen for cellular respiration? (Anaerobic respiration)

A

Lactic acid

76
Q

How long is each part of the digestive tract?

A

Small intestine: 6-7 m
Large intestine: 1.5 m
Esophagus: 25-30cm

Entire length: ~9 m

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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