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Grade 11 Biology > Digestive System Test Review > Flashcards

Digestive System Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The process of taking food into the body and absorbing the nutrients.

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

The molecules that the body consumes in order for metabolism to occur smoothly.

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3
Q

List the five nutrients used by the body and examples of each..

A
  1. Carbohydrates: pasta, bread, sweet potatoes, oatmeal.
  2. Fats: nuts, olive oil, avocado, cheese
  3. Protein: steak, eggs, Greek yogurt
  4. Vitamins and minerals: oranges, bell peppers, strawberries
  5. Water: All foods
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4
Q

List the three types of teeth and their purpose…

A

Incisors- cutting
Canines- tearing
Molars-grinding

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5
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process of absorbing substances into cells or across tissues and organs through diffusion and osmosis.

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6
Q

What is the appendix and where is it located?

A

An organ with a purpose uncertain by scientists. Some assume it is used as a store house for good bacteria. It is located off the ascending colon.

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7
Q

List 6 accessory organs

A 
Teeth/tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder 
Pancreas 
Appendix
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8
Q

Define enzyme

A

Proteins the body makes to break down nutrients.

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9
Q

Where is lipase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in panaceas, mouth and stomach
Secreted into small intestine
Digests fat

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10
Q

Where is Maltase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A 
Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine
Digests sugars(disaccharides and monosaccharides)
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11
Q

Where is amylase made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in the mouth, secreted into mouth, digests starches

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12
Q

Where is peptidase made, where is it secreted, and what does it digest?

A

Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine, digested dipeptides into amino acids.

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13
Q

Where is trypsin made, where is it secreted into and what does it digest?

A

Made in pancreas, secreted into small intestine, digests protein.

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14
Q

Where is pepsin made, where is it secreted into, and what does it digest?

A

Made in stomach, secreted into stomach, digests protein.

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15
Q

Where is lactase made, where is it secreted into, and what does it digest?

A

Made in small intestine, secreted into small intestine, digests milk( disaccharides and monosaccharides.)

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16
Q

What is peristalsis and where does it occur?

A

Muscle contractions that push something down even against gravity. It occurs in the esophagus.

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17
Q

What is bile?

A

A fluid stored in the gall bladder that is released by the liver to break down fatty acids and fats.

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18
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A clump of food covered in saliva moving down the esophagus.

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19
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Mixing that occurs in the small intestine to break up large fat globs into smaller pieces that are easier for bile to break down.

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20
Q

What organism is found on the large intestine and what does in aid in?

A

Bacteria aids in absorption.

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21
Q

Name two sphincters in the digestive system and their location..

A

Cardiac sphincter: connects esophagus to stomach, is near heart.
Pyloric sphincter: connects stomach to small intestine.

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22
Q

List the parts and the function of the large intestine?

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

The large intestine absorbs water and vitamins into the blood stream.

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23
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Secretes, and makes bile
Detoxifies
Makes proteins to aid in blood clotting

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24
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

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25
What is HCl, where is it produced, and what is it’s purpose?
Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach. It breaks down proteins to prepare for digestion and kills harmful bacteria.
26
Why does your stomach growl when you’re hungry?
The stomach is continually digesting, the growling is the sound of your digestive system churning with an empty stomach.
27
What are carbohydrates broken into and what is their purpose?
Broken into starch(monosaccharides) is used for energy
28
What are fats broken down into and what is their purpose?
Fatty acids and glycerol, are used for energy storage and cell membrane building.
29
What are proteins broken down into and what is their purpose?
Broken into polypeptides and then into amino acids, used by most body cells because they require protein. (Amino acids are the building blocks)
30
What is water broken down into and what is it’s purpose?
Broken into hydrogen and oxygen, is essential for all life.
31
What is the role of insulin?
Insulin regulates the blood glucose levels by signalling the liver, muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood.
32
List the symptoms, causes and treatment for type one diabetes..
Symptoms: fatigue, sudden weight lose, dehydration, nausea Causes: bodies immune system starts destroying pancreatic cells that make insulin Treatment: insulin injections, healthy eating
33
List the symptoms, causes and treatment for type two diabetes..
Symptoms: dehydration, increased hunger, blurred vision Causes: poor lifestyle choices and/ genetics Treatments: taking prescription drugs and eating wiser, checking blood sugars levels daily.
34
What are the symptoms, causes and treatment for diverticulosis?
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation. Causes: when pulses form isn’t the wall of the colon due to high pressure, due to low fibre diet. Treatment: laxatives, fibre supplements, colostomy, antibiotics.
35
What are the symptoms, causes and treatment for IBS
Symptoms: depression, diarrhea,constipation Causes: stress, hormones, eating wrong Treatment: antidepressants, probiotics
36
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that the body can not produce, therefore need to be ingested daily.
37
What is a Calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by 1°c.
38
What is cellular respiration? What is the BALANCED formula?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2—6co2+6H2o+ATP
39
What does ATP stand for? What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate A compound used by cells to release and store energy.
40
What are the three parts of the small intestine and what are their functions?
Duodenum: chemicals released here(sodium bicarbonate) Jejunum: absorption of nutrients. Ileum: absorbs vitamins
41
A healthy body is made up of what?
``` 64% water 16% protein 16% fat 4% minerals 1% carbs ```
42
Metabolism
Taking in nutrients and using energy
43
What are the two processes of metabolism?
Catabolic reactions- breaking down bonds into monomers | Anabolic reactions- constructing things from the monomers
44
What three digestive glands are outside the GI tract and which is the largest?
Liver, salivary, and pancreas. | The liver is the largest.
45
What two digestive glands are inside the GI tract?
Digestive glands in the walls of the stomach and in the small intestine.
46
Where are nutrients absorbed after going under complete digestion?
Absorbed into the blood stream to go to cells.
47
What is a double sugar called and what is one example?
Disaccharide | Table sugar
48
What is a Single sugar called?
Monosaccharides | Glucose, fructose
49
What is calcium used for and where can it be found in food?
Used to maintained and form teeth and bone. Can be found in dairy products.
50
What is phosphorous used for and where can it be found in food?
Used for maintenance of teeth and bone. Found in milk and meat.
51
What is iron used for and where can it be found?
Used to produced hemoglobin, found in steak.
52
What is chlorine used for and where can it be found?
Maintain acid-base balance, found in salt
53
What is sodium used for and where is it found?
Used to maintain acid-base balance, found in salt
54
What is potassium used for and where is it found?
Acid-base balance, found in bananas
55
What is Fluorine used for and where can it be found?
Used to help form teeth and bone, found in fluorinated water.
56
What is iodine used for and where can it be found?
To make thyroid hormones and is found in seafood.
57
What is zinc used for and where can it be found?
To make digestive enzymes and is found in meat.
58
What is magnesium used for and where is it found?
Activation of enzymes and found in whole grains.
59
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the mouth?
Function: to break down food and start chemical digestion of starch. Mechanical and chemical digestion Secretes saliva and amylase.
60
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the salivary glands?
Function: to create saliva to break down starch. Chemical digestion Amylase, saliva
61
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the esophagus?
Function: to transport food from the mouth to the stomach. Mechanical digestion No enzymes
62
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the stomach?
Function: to store food while enzymes break down the food. It also kills off harmful bacteria. Involves chemical and mechanical digestion Secretes: pepsin, lipase, HCl, lysosomes
63
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the small intestine?
Function: to absorb the nutrients. Involves both mechanical and chemical digestion Secretions: maltase, lactase, sucrose, pepidase
64
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the liver and gall bladder?
Function: Liver- secrete bile, detoxify, produce blood clotting proteins Gall bladder- store and concentrate bile No digestion Secretes bile
65
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the pancreas?
Function: produce enzymes to break down carbs, protein, lipids, and nuclei acid. No digestion Secretes trypsin, lipase, pancreatic amylase, sodium bicarbonate.
66
What is the function, type of digestion and secretions of the large intestine?
Function: absorb water and vitamins into the blood stream No digestion- only absorption Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize acids.
67
What do vitamins and minerals do?
Regulate body processes
68
Describe the glycolysis process
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. ATP and Nadh are produced. 2 ATP are used to break down the glucose. 4 high energy electrons are passed to the carrier Nad+ which transports it to the electron to the last phase.
69
Describe the Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid is used to make carbon dioxide, NADH,ATP and FADH2. Co2 is expelled out when we breathe. Citric acid is formed.
70
Describe the electron transport chain
High energy electrons are used to turn ADP to ATP. water is produced, but needs oxygen.
71
Where does each phase of cellular respiration take place?
Glycolysis- cytoplasm Krebs cycle- inner membrane of mitochondria Electron transport chain- inner membrane of mitochondria.
72
How much energy is harvested in glycolysis?
10%
73
What two products are released in the Krebs cycle?
Energy and carbon dioxide
74
In the electron transport chain what reactant is required (accepts the electrons)? How much energy comes from this process?
Oxygen 90%
75
What is formed if there is not enough oxygen for cellular respiration? (Anaerobic respiration)
Lactic acid
76
How long is each part of the digestive tract?
Small intestine: 6-7 m Large intestine: 1.5 m Esophagus: 25-30cm Entire length: ~9 m

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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