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Leaving Cert Biology - > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration

A

The release of energy from food

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2
Q

Food usually involved

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Respiration is controles by

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

Two types of respiration

A

Aerobic (requires oxygen)

Anaerobic (doesn’t require oxygen)

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5
Q

Living things that get energy using aerobic respiration are called

A

Aerobes

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6
Q

Energy produced is used for

A

Movement of muscles
Growth of new cells
Etc

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7
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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8
Q

Energy not used is used for what

A

Lost as heat

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9
Q

Stage one name

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Steps of glycolysis

A

Glucose ( 6 carbon sugar) is converted to two 3 carbon sugars called pyruvic acid.
ADP and P join to make ATP and water
NAD+ and H+ and 2e- joins to make NADH

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11
Q

How much energy is remained in the pyruvic acid

A

75%

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12
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen

A

No

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14
Q

How much energy is released in glycolysis

A

No much

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15
Q

What are 3 carbon sugars called

A

Pyruvic acid

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16
Q

Where does stage two take place

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Explain stage 2

A

Loses a carbon dioxide molecule to form a two carbon molecule called acetyl coenzyme A
Loses two high energy electrons that combine with NAD+ and a proton to form NADH (which will go to electron transport system)
Krebs cycle

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18
Q

Does stage 2 need oxygen

A

Yes

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19
Q

How much energy is released in stage 2

A

Lots

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20
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

Lumen of mitochondria

21
Q

Explain Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A is broken down into carbon dioxide and protons.
Energy is released by electrons.
Electrons and protons combine with NAD+ making NADH (which enteres electron transport system)
ADP is changed into ATP (phosphorylation)
Cycle continues

22
Q

Where does electron transport system take place

A

Cristae of lumen

23
Q

Does electron transport system need oxygen

A

Yes

24
Q

If there is more folding in the mitochondria does it produce more or less energy

A

More because is increases the amount of electrons that can fit in

25
Q

Explain electron transport system

A

NADH is broken up into NAD+ , H+ and 2e-
Electrons are passed to the first of the molecules, and loose some of their energy as together do so
This energy is used to make ATP and heat
At the end the electron is combined with oxygen and hydrogen to form water

26
Q

What is the production of ATP in the electron transport system callled

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

27
Q

What is the function of the electron transport system

A

Produces ATP

28
Q

Why is oxygen essential in the electron transport system

A

It accepts the low energy electron at the end of the chain and forms water

29
Q

What would happen is oxygen was not present for electron transport system

A

Organism would die as no ATP is formed

30
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic

A

Less energy us released

31
Q

When does lactic acid formation happen

A

When there is not enough oxygen

32
Q

Equation for lactic acid formation

A

Glucose ——> 2 lactic acid and small amount of energy

33
Q

Example of lactic acid formation

A

Souring milk

Muscle cramp after exercise

34
Q

Alcohol fermentation equation

A

Glucose ——-> 2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide and milla mount of energy

35
Q

What is biotechnology

A

The use of living things to make useful products

36
Q

What is a bioreactor

A

Vessel in which bioreactions take place

37
Q

Why is foam breaker used

A

Because foam may be formed when microorganisms are mixed with the substrate

38
Q

What is oxygen pumped in through

A

Sparger

39
Q

How can microorganisms be immobilised

A

Bonding to each other
Bonding to insoluble substance
Suspending them in gel

40
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration tale place

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

End products of anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol
Carbon dioxide
Or
Lactic acid

42
Q

Name a substance that yeast can use to make alcohol

A

Glucose

43
Q

Why does fermentation eventually cease

A

Doesn’t produce a large amount of energy

44
Q

Is the process of fermentation affected by temperature? Why/why not

A

Yes

Because respiration is controlled by enzymes

45
Q

Name the 3 products of the Krebs cycle and their fates

A

ATP (releases energy)
Carbon dioxide (released into atmosphere)
NADH (releases energy)

46
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

47
Q

How does the electron transport system cease

A

Water formation

48
Q

Name 2 processes that require ATP in cells

A

Photosynthesis

Respiration

49
Q

What happens to electrons in the electron transport system

A

Thyme react with protons to form water

Leaving Cert Biology - (41 decks)

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