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Biology (Nora) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration

A

the enzyme controlled release of energy from food.

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2
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

in all cells

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3
Q

respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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4
Q

respiration chemical equation

A

C₆H₁₂O6 + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

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5
Q

what is used in cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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6
Q

what is released in cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

what is produced in cellular respiration

A

a large amount of energy

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8
Q

how many ATP molecules produced in cellular respiration per glucose molecule

A

38

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9
Q

what is energy?

A

the ability to do work

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10
Q

what requires energy?

A

living organisms

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11
Q

official function of ATP

A

to provide energy for all metabolic reactions taking place in the cell

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12
Q

4 things ATP does

A

muscle contraction
active transport
synthesis of new material
nerve transmission

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13
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine tri phsosphate

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14
Q

where is ATP mostly made of?

A

in the mitochondria during respiration

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15
Q

`what type of source of energy is ATP

A

immediate source of energy

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16
Q

is ATP stored

A

no

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17
Q

is ATP an energy carrier

A

yes

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18
Q

4 advantages to the cell of using ATP as an energy source

A
  • energy ready for immediate use
  • energy is easily released
  • energy is easily recycled
  • releases energy in suitable quantities for cellular activities
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19
Q

nitrogenous base in ATP

A

adenine

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20
Q

5 carbon sugar in ATP

A

ribose

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21
Q

where is energy stored in ATP

A

between the second and third phosphate (high energy bond)

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22
Q

what happens when high energy bond is broken in ATP

A

energy is released

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23
Q

can the ADP made from ATP be reused?

A

yes

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24
Q

ATP energy

A

high energy

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25
Q

ADP energy

A

low energy

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26
Q

where is ATP found

A

in all living things

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27
Q

formation of ATP

A

ADP + P + ENERGY USED -> ATP

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28
Q

phosphorylation

A

the process of adding a phosphate group

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29
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

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30
Q

water removed to form

A

ATP

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31
Q

water removed to form ATP

A

condensation reaction

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32
Q

water added back during

A

breakdown of ATP

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33
Q

water added back during breakdown of ATP

A

hydrolysis reaction

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34
Q

when is ATP produced

A

continuously produced when energy is needed

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35
Q

is the ATP cycle fast?

A

yes

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36
Q

NAD+ stands for?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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37
Q

what type of molecule is NAD +

A

energy carrier molecule

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38
Q

role of NAD +

A

traps and transfers electrons and H+ ions and transfer them to where they are needed in the cell

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39
Q

how many hydrogen atoms involed in conversion between NAD+ and NADH

A

2

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40
Q

3 steps in NAD+ to NADH

A
  1. NAD+ traps 1 electron to become NAD
  2. NAD+ traps another electron to become NAD-
  3. NAD- traps a proton to become NADH
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41
Q

NAD+ low energy or high energy

A

low energy

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42
Q

electrons low energy or high energy

A

HIGH ENERGY

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43
Q

NADH low energy or high energy

A

HIGH ENERGY

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44
Q

What does NAD+ do to become NADH

A

it is reduced to NADH

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45
Q

what happens to left over H+ in NAD + -> NADH ?

A

goes into a solution

46
Q

what type of energy carrier is NADH

A

high energy carrier

47
Q

which carries more energy, NADH or ATP

A

NADH carries a lot more

48
Q

where does the NADH transfer the 2 electrons to?

A

the electron transport chain

49
Q

what does photosynthesis use instead of NAD+?

A

NADP+

50
Q

what does photosynthesis use instead of NADH?

A

NADPH

51
Q

does aerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

yes

52
Q

what happens to glucose in aerobic respiration

A

completely breaks down glucose

53
Q

what happens when glucose completely broken down?

A

large amount of energy released

54
Q

most organisms are

A

most organisms are aerobic

55
Q

net yield of ATP per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

56
Q

equation for aerobic respiration of glucose

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

57
Q

how many stages in aerobic respiration

A

2

58
Q

does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

no

59
Q

what happens to glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

it is partially broken down

60
Q

what happens when glucose is partially broken down?

A

releases a small amount of energy

61
Q

net yield of atp per molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

2 atp

62
Q

anaerobic respiration AKA

A

fermentation

63
Q

can only respire in the absence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

64
Q

can respire with or without oxygen eg. yeast

A

facculative anaerobes

65
Q

where does alcohol fermentation occur

A

in yeast

66
Q

equation for alcohol fermentation

A

glucose -> ethanol + CO₂ + small amount of energy

67
Q

2 places where lactic acid fermentation occurs

A 
human muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen  
some bacteria (yogurt and cheese)
68
Q

how many stages in anaerobic respiration

A

1

69
Q

does krebs cycle or elcetron transport chain occur in fermentation?

A

no

70
Q

bioprocessing

A

the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce products

71
Q

the production of substances uisng fermentation

A

a form of bioprocessing

72
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel or container in which living cells or enzymes are used to make a product

73
Q

2 stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

krebs cycle

74
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

75
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol of the cell

76
Q

does the krebs cycle require oxygen

A

yes

77
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

78
Q

second part of krebs cycle

A

electron transport chain

79
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

in the cristae of the mitochondria

80
Q

what does the word glycolysis mean?

A

sugar splitting

81
Q

what is glucose broken down to during glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

82
Q

2 things that happens to pyruvic acid when oxygen absent (fermentation)

A

converted to lactic acid in muscle cells

converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast cells

83
Q

where and how is glucose stored in animal

A

in glycogen in the liver

84
Q

what is glucose stored as in plant cells

A

starch

85
Q

what is added back to pyruvic acid to make alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid?

A

a pair of hydrogen atoms

86
Q

where does lactic acid take place 3

A

some bacteria and fungi

mammal muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen

87
Q

what does a build up of lactic acid cause

A

muscle cramp

88
Q

what is needed to break down lactic acid

A

oxygen

89
Q

why does heart and breathing rate remain high after exercise?

A

to supply oxygen to the muscles to break down lactic acid

90
Q

where does alcohol fermentation occur 2

A

some bacteria and fungi such as yeasts

and in plants when they are deprived of oxygen

91
Q

what happens to glucose during alcohol fermentation

A

partially broken down

92
Q

what happens when glucose is partially broken down

A

small amount of energy released

93
Q

2 industries tat use alcohol fermentation

A

baking and brewing industries

94
Q

what does pyruvic acid do in the presence of oxygen

A

enters the krebs cycle

95
Q

2 steps in aerobic glycolysis

A
  1. NAD + takes 2 hydrogen atoms and become NADH

2. NADH carries electrons to electron transport chain

96
Q

when does pyruvic acid enter the mitochondrion

A

if oxygen is present

97
Q

what prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle

A

loses CO₂
loses 2H
becomes acetyl co-enzyme A

98
Q

what enters the krebs cycle

A

acetyl co-enzyme A

99
Q

what is the krebs cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions which results in the loss of CO₂ and pairs of hydrogen atoms

100
Q

what happens to the H₂ produced in krebs cycle

A

used to make NADH from NAD+

101
Q

what happens to CO₂ made in krebs cycle

A

excreted

102
Q

3 products of krebs cycle from each pyruvic acid

A

NADH
CO₂
APT

103
Q

is much ATP made during glycolysis and krebs cycle

A

not much

104
Q

most of the energy from food

A

is in the form of high energy electrons carried by NADH

105
Q

2 steps in electron transport chain

A
  1. high energy pairs of electrons released from NADH are passed to electron carrier in electron transport chain
  2. energy released during each electron transfer
106
Q

what happens with the energy produced in the electron transport chain

A

ADP converted to ATP

107
Q

what happens at the end of the chain to the electrons

A

now low in energy, combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form H₂O

108
Q

without oxygen, what can’t occur

A

oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur

109
Q

what is the final acceptor of the electrons and protons

A

oxygen

110
Q

C in glucose

A

6

111
Q

C in acetyl co-enzyme a

A

2

112
Q

C in pyruvic acid

A

3

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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