Respiration Flashcards
cellular respiration
the enzyme controlled release of energy from food.
where does cellular respiration occur
in all cells
respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
respiration chemical equation
C₆H₁₂O6 + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
what is used in cellular respiration
oxygen
what is released in cellular respiration
carbon dioxide and water
what is produced in cellular respiration
a large amount of energy
how many ATP molecules produced in cellular respiration per glucose molecule
38
what is energy?
the ability to do work
what requires energy?
living organisms
official function of ATP
to provide energy for all metabolic reactions taking place in the cell
4 things ATP does
muscle contraction
active transport
synthesis of new material
nerve transmission
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine tri phsosphate
where is ATP mostly made of?
in the mitochondria during respiration
`what type of source of energy is ATP
immediate source of energy
is ATP stored
no
is ATP an energy carrier
yes
4 advantages to the cell of using ATP as an energy source
- energy ready for immediate use
- energy is easily released
- energy is easily recycled
- releases energy in suitable quantities for cellular activities
nitrogenous base in ATP
adenine
5 carbon sugar in ATP
ribose
where is energy stored in ATP
between the second and third phosphate (high energy bond)
what happens when high energy bond is broken in ATP
energy is released
can the ADP made from ATP be reused?
yes
ATP energy
high energy
ADP energy
low energy
where is ATP found
in all living things
formation of ATP
ADP + P + ENERGY USED -> ATP
phosphorylation
the process of adding a phosphate group
oxidative phosphorylation
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
water removed to form
ATP
water removed to form ATP
condensation reaction
water added back during
breakdown of ATP
water added back during breakdown of ATP
hydrolysis reaction
when is ATP produced
continuously produced when energy is needed
is the ATP cycle fast?
yes
NAD+ stands for?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
what type of molecule is NAD +
energy carrier molecule
role of NAD +
traps and transfers electrons and H+ ions and transfer them to where they are needed in the cell
how many hydrogen atoms involed in conversion between NAD+ and NADH
2
3 steps in NAD+ to NADH
- NAD+ traps 1 electron to become NAD
- NAD+ traps another electron to become NAD-
- NAD- traps a proton to become NADH
NAD+ low energy or high energy
low energy
electrons low energy or high energy
HIGH ENERGY
NADH low energy or high energy
HIGH ENERGY
What does NAD+ do to become NADH
it is reduced to NADH
what happens to left over H+ in NAD + -> NADH ?
goes into a solution
what type of energy carrier is NADH
high energy carrier
which carries more energy, NADH or ATP
NADH carries a lot more
where does the NADH transfer the 2 electrons to?
the electron transport chain
what does photosynthesis use instead of NAD+?
NADP+
what does photosynthesis use instead of NADH?
NADPH
does aerobic respiration require oxygen?
yes
what happens to glucose in aerobic respiration
completely breaks down glucose
what happens when glucose completely broken down?
large amount of energy released
most organisms are
most organisms are aerobic
net yield of ATP per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration
38 ATP
equation for aerobic respiration of glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
how many stages in aerobic respiration
2
does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?
no
what happens to glucose in anaerobic respiration
it is partially broken down
what happens when glucose is partially broken down?
releases a small amount of energy
net yield of atp per molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration
2 atp
anaerobic respiration AKA
fermentation
can only respire in the absence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
can respire with or without oxygen eg. yeast
facculative anaerobes
where does alcohol fermentation occur
in yeast
equation for alcohol fermentation
glucose -> ethanol + CO₂ + small amount of energy
2 places where lactic acid fermentation occurs
human muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen some bacteria (yogurt and cheese)
how many stages in anaerobic respiration
1
does krebs cycle or elcetron transport chain occur in fermentation?
no
bioprocessing
the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce products
the production of substances uisng fermentation
a form of bioprocessing
bioreactor
a vessel or container in which living cells or enzymes are used to make a product
2 stages of aerobic respiration
glycolysis
krebs cycle
does glycolysis require oxygen
no
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytosol of the cell
does the krebs cycle require oxygen
yes
where does the krebs cycle occur
the matrix of the mitochondria
second part of krebs cycle
electron transport chain
where does the electron transport chain occur
in the cristae of the mitochondria
what does the word glycolysis mean?
sugar splitting
what is glucose broken down to during glycolysis
pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2 things that happens to pyruvic acid when oxygen absent (fermentation)
converted to lactic acid in muscle cells
converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast cells
where and how is glucose stored in animal
in glycogen in the liver
what is glucose stored as in plant cells
starch
what is added back to pyruvic acid to make alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid?
a pair of hydrogen atoms
where does lactic acid take place 3
some bacteria and fungi
mammal muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen
what does a build up of lactic acid cause
muscle cramp
what is needed to break down lactic acid
oxygen
why does heart and breathing rate remain high after exercise?
to supply oxygen to the muscles to break down lactic acid
where does alcohol fermentation occur 2
some bacteria and fungi such as yeasts
and in plants when they are deprived of oxygen
what happens to glucose during alcohol fermentation
partially broken down
what happens when glucose is partially broken down
small amount of energy released
2 industries tat use alcohol fermentation
baking and brewing industries
what does pyruvic acid do in the presence of oxygen
enters the krebs cycle
2 steps in aerobic glycolysis
- NAD + takes 2 hydrogen atoms and become NADH
2. NADH carries electrons to electron transport chain
when does pyruvic acid enter the mitochondrion
if oxygen is present
what prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle
loses CO₂
loses 2H
becomes acetyl co-enzyme A
what enters the krebs cycle
acetyl co-enzyme A
what is the krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions which results in the loss of CO₂ and pairs of hydrogen atoms
what happens to the H₂ produced in krebs cycle
used to make NADH from NAD+
what happens to CO₂ made in krebs cycle
excreted
3 products of krebs cycle from each pyruvic acid
NADH
CO₂
APT
is much ATP made during glycolysis and krebs cycle
not much
most of the energy from food
is in the form of high energy electrons carried by NADH
2 steps in electron transport chain
- high energy pairs of electrons released from NADH are passed to electron carrier in electron transport chain
- energy released during each electron transfer
what happens with the energy produced in the electron transport chain
ADP converted to ATP
what happens at the end of the chain to the electrons
now low in energy, combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form H₂O
without oxygen, what can’t occur
oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur
what is the final acceptor of the electrons and protons
oxygen
C in glucose
6
C in acetyl co-enzyme a
2
C in pyruvic acid
3
