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Biology (Nora) > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a light microscope do?

A

It uses light passing through lenses to magnify an image

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2
Q

If the eyepiece lens is x10 and the objective lens is x40, what is the overall magnification

A

x400

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3
Q

do animals cells have a cell wall

A

no

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4
Q

do plant cells have a cell wall

A

yes

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5
Q

do animal cels have chloroplasts

A

no

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6
Q

do plant cels have chloroplasts

A

yes

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7
Q

describe the vacuoles in animal cells

A

temporary sell vacuoles present

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8
Q

describe the vacuoles in plants

A

large permanent vacuoles present

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9
Q

what do electron microscopes use instead of light

A

a beam of electrons

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10
Q

how are the electron beams focused onto specimens

A

using magnets

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11
Q

how much can an electron microscope multiply the specimens by

A

by more than 500,000 times

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12
Q

what do you call the structure of cells when using an electron microscope (2)

A

fine structure

ultra structure

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13
Q

what are all cell (plasma) membranes composed of

A

phospholipids and proteins

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14
Q

what are phospholipids

A

fat molecules with a phosphate attached to them

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15
Q

thickness of cell membranes

A

thin

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16
Q

how are the phospholipids in a cell membrane aligned

A

in a double layer, phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

how are the proteins embedded in a cell membrane

A

completely or partially embedded and capable of movement

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18
Q

because of the continual changing of positions of the proteins, what is the model of the cell membrane called

A

the fluid - mosaic model

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19
Q

do phospholipids attract or repel water

A

they have water loving and water hating parts

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20
Q

outer surface of cell membrane

A

phosphate

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21
Q

inner part of cell membrane

A

lipid

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22
Q

3 functions of the cell membrane

A

shape and support
semi-permeable barrier
site for metabolic reactions

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23
Q

what is a semi-permeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows some things to pass through but not others

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24
Q

how are cell membranes sites for metabolic reactions

A

the proteins can act as enzymes

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25
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts that control chemical reactions in the cell

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26
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

a watery gel in which organelles are suspended

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27
Q

5 organelles suspended in the cytoplasm

A 
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts 
Vacuoles
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28
Q

Cytoplasm + organelles =

A

protoplasm

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29
Q

4 functions of the cytoplasm

A

supports the organelles
stores materials
chemical reactions can occur
stage one of respiration in cytosol

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30
Q

1 material stored in the cytoplasm

A

food

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31
Q

Largest cell organelle

A

the nucleus

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32
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

the nuclear membrane

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33
Q

what is in the nuclear membrane

A

pores

34
Q

pores in the nuclear membrane

A

nuclear pores

35
Q

function of nuclear pores

A

allow substances in and out of the nucleus

36
Q

what is in the nucleus

A

chromatin

37
Q

describe chromatin

A

thread like material

38
Q

what is chromatin made up of

A

DNA and protein

39
Q

1during cell division what happens to chromatin

A

it condenses to form chromosomes

40
Q

function of the nuclear membrane

A

to enclose the nuclear contents and allow materials in and out through pores e.g. RNA

41
Q

3 functions of the nucleus

A

controls all cell activities
contains DNA and genetic information
controls replication of DNA and nuclear division

42
Q

what is the replication of DNA

A

the ability of DNA to make an exact copy of itself

43
Q

What are ribosomes

A

very small organelle

44
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

RNA and protein

45
Q

where are ribosomes found? 2

A

free in the cytoplasm and attached to membranes

46
Q

function of ribosomes

A

to synthesise (make) proteins

47
Q

singular of mitochondria

A

mitochondrion

48
Q

shape of mitochondria

A

rod shape

49
Q

what are mitochondria surrounded by

A

a double membrane

50
Q

the double membrane sound mitochondria is similar to

A

the plasma membrane

51
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria

A

smooth

52
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

folded

53
Q

do mitochondria contain DNA

A

yes, a single loop of DNA

54
Q

function of mitochondria

A

the site of respiration in the cell

55
Q

respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from food in all living cells

56
Q

3 structures found only in plant cells

A

Cell wall
Chloroplast
vacuole

57
Q

what is the Cell wall made of

A

cellulose

58
Q

how permeable is the Cell wall

A

fully permeable

59
Q

describe the Cell wall

A

it is tough but flexible

60
Q

what is the middle lamella

A

the region between adjacent plant cells

61
Q

what cements the cells together that is found in the middle lamella

A

calcium pectate

62
Q

3 functions of Cell wall

A

mechanical strength and support to cell (and plant)
gives the cell shape
prevents it from bursting due to the uptake of water

63
Q

what are Chloroplasts surrounded by

A

a double membrane

64
Q

what is inside Chloroplasts

A

a gel like stroma

65
Q

function of storm inside chloroplasts

A

runs a system of membranes

66
Q

how are membranes aligned in the Chloroplast

A

they are stacked in places to form the grana

67
Q

what is present in the grana in a chloroplast

A

chlorophyll
starch
ribosomes

68
Q

do Chloroplasts have DNA in them

A

yes, they have 1 loop of DNA

69
Q

function of Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

70
Q

leucoplasts

A

colourless organelles similar to Chloroplasts and store food e.g.. starch in potatoes

71
Q

what is the vacuole

A

a large sac filled with fluid called cell sap

72
Q

what is the vacuole surrounded by?

A

a single membrane

73
Q

function of vacuole

A

takes in water by osmosis

74
Q

turgid cell

A

has its vacuole full of water

75
Q

what are tugged cells important for

A

the support of the whole plant

76
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane

77
Q

2 things that prokaryotic cells don’t have

A

no nuclear membrane

no membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria)

78
Q

1 thing that prokaryotic cells have

A

ribosomes

79
Q

example of prokaryotic cells

A

monera (bacteria)

80
Q

3 things that eukaryotic cells have

A

a nuclear membrane
membrane bound organelles
ribosomes

81
Q

which are bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells

82
Q

4 examples of eukaryotic cells

A

all fungi, protista, plant and animal cells

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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