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Biology (Nora) > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The way in which an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

3 things nutrients are essential for

A

Energy
Raw materials for growth and repair
Cell reactions eg. Enzymes, hormones

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3
Q

6 elements

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen
Phosphorous 
Sulfur
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4
Q

What’s elements are found in salt

A 
Sodium
Magnesium 
Chlorine 
Potassium
Calcium
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5
Q

3 trace elements

A

Iron
copper
Zinc

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6
Q

Biomolecules

A

Chemicals that are made inside a living cell

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7
Q

4 main biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins

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8
Q

Elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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9
Q

Sources of carbohydrates

A 
Bread
Pasta 
Rice 
Sugar
Fruit 
sweets
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10
Q

Monosaccharide 2 examples

A

Glucose

Fructose

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11
Q

How is fructose different to glucose

A

The same chemical formula but arranged differently

Sweeter than glucose

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12
Q

2 examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose

Sucrose

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13
Q

Sucrose made of

A

Glucose

Fructose

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14
Q

Maltose made of

A

2 glucose molecules

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15
Q

Are disaccharides soluble in water

A

Yes

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16
Q

Are disaccharides reducing sugars

A

Some but not all

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17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugar molecules linked together

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18
Q

Are polysaccharides sweet

A

No

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19
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble in water

A

No

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20
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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21
Q

Starch in plant

A

Stored energy in plants

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22
Q

Cellulose structural function

A

Plant cell wall

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23
Q

Why is cellulose hard to digest

A

A lot of cross bonding

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24
Q

Glycogen different to starch

A

Long chains of molecules but more branching than starch

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25
Q

Glycogen in animals

A

Storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscles

Stores energy

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26
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Provide energy - glucose releases energy in cells
Food stores in the roots of plants
Cellulose support in cell walls

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27
Q

Carbohydrates in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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28
Q

Carbohydrate in RNA

A

Ribose

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29
Q

Lipids are

A

Fats and oils

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30
Q

Elements in lipids

A

C O H

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31
Q

Fats

A

Solid at RT (20°c)

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32
Q

Oils

A

Liquid at RT

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33
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule

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34
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

Replace a fatty acid with a phosphate group

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35
Q

Sources of lipids

A 
Fat on meat
Olive oil 
Butter
Lard
Cream
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36
Q

5 functions of lipids

A

Store energy in the body (all excess food stored as fat)
Phospholipid bilayer makes up cell membranes
Fat (adipose) tissue insulates body
Protects internal organs
Stores fat soluble vitamins ADEK

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37
Q

Elements in protein

A

C H O N

Sometimes sulphur

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38
Q

Structure of protein is

A

Very large and complicated

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39
Q

Small units of proteins

A

Amino acids

40
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

41
Q

Bond between amino acids

A

Peptide bond

42
Q

Peptide

A

Less than 20 AA

43
Q

Polypeptide

A

Between 20 and 200 AA

44
Q

Protein

A

More than 200 AA

45
Q

2 things the function of protein depends on

A

Sequence of amino acids

Folding of the amino acids

46
Q

Structural function of protein

A

Keratin in hair and nails for strength

47
Q

Metabolic role of protein

A

Enzymes and hormones

48
Q

Enzyme

A

Speeds up chemical reactions in the body

49
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger

50
Q

Hormones and enzymes are

A

Globular proteins

51
Q

Sources of proteins

A

Meat fish eggs nuts peas beans

52
Q

What happens with surplus amino acids

A

Taken to liver and converted into urea

53
Q

Process that converts amino acids to urea

A

Deanimation

54
Q

Vitamin structure complex or simple

55
Q

Are vitamins organic

A

Yes they contain carbon

56
Q

Can the body make vitamins

57
Q

How much vitamins should we eat

A

Tiny amounts needed for a balance diet

58
Q

Water soluble vitamins

59
Q

Other name for vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

60
Q

Sources of vitamin c

A

Fresh fruit and veg

61
Q

2 functions of vitamin c

A

Functioning of a healthy immune system

Formation of connective tissues; skin gums and ligaments

62
Q

Deficiency of vitamin c

A

Scurvy- bleeding from gums and poor healing of skin

63
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

64
Q

Most common vitamin d

A

D2 calciferol

65
Q

5 sources of vitamin D

A 
Liver
Fish oils
Milk
Egg yolks 
Action of sun on skin
66
Q

2 functions of vitamin D

A

Aid the absorption of calcium and phosphorous from intestine
Normal bone growth

67
Q

Deficiency of vit d

A

Rickets - weak deformed bones

68
Q

Are mineral organic

A

No

Do not contain carbon

69
Q

4 functions of minerals

A

Form rigid body structures
Form soft body parts eg.muscles
Form body fluids
Form biomolecules eg.chlorophyll or hemoglobin

70
Q

2 minerals plants

A

Calcium magnesium

71
Q

2 minerals animals

A

Calcium iron

72
Q

Source of calcium plant

A

Absorbed from soil

73
Q

Source of magnesium plant

A

Absorbed from soil

74
Q

Function calcium plant

A

Formation of middle lamella between plant cell walls (cement)

75
Q

Function of magnesium. Plant.

A

Forms chlorophyll

76
Q

Source of calcium animal

77
Q

Function of calcium animal

A

Forms bones and teeth

78
Q

Source of iron. Animal.

A

Liver
Red meat
Spinach

79
Q

Function of iron. Animal.

A

Forms haemoglobin

80
Q

Mass of cells water

81
Q

3 functions of eater in the body

A

Excellent solvent - basis for transport in body
Creates turgor in plant cells
Takes part in chemical reactions

82
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Small molecules join to form a larger molecuk with the loss of a water molecule

83
Q

Example of condensation reaction

A

2 glucoses make maltose with losss of water

84
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A molecule gains water and is broken down to form smaller molecules

85
Q

Example of hydrolysis reaction

A

2 amino acids split after they have gains water

86
Q

Why is water good for body

A

It has a high heat capacity

Doesn’t heat up or cool down easily

87
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions taking place in an organism

88
Q

Anabolic

A

Smaller to larger
Energy used
Enzymes required

89
Q

Ex of anabolic

A

Photosynthesis

90
Q

Catabolic

A

A complex molecule to simpler ones
Release energy
Require enzymes

91
Q

Ex of catabolic

A

Respiration

92
Q

Reducing sugar test

A

Benedict’s solution

Blue to red

93
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine

Red yellow to blue black

94
Q

Fat test

A

Brown paper
No stain
Translucent stain

95
Q

Protein test

A

Biuret solution
Sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate
Blue to violet

96
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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