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Biology (Nora) > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

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2
Q

what biomolecules are enzymes made of?

A

proteins

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3
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that changes the rate of a reaction without itself being used up

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4
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up reactions in the cell that would otherwise be too slow to sustain life

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5
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum total of all of the chemical reactions in an organism

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6
Q

5 main things that the reactions in the body involve

A 
growth
movement
reproduction
response
homeostasis
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7
Q

what do cells need to function properly?

A

energy

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8
Q

the way in which energy is obtained and utilised in the cell

A

metabolism

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9
Q

2 types of reactions

A

anabolic

catabolic

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10
Q

anabolic reactions

A

small molecules to larger ones

energy is required

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11
Q

catabolic reactions

A

larger molecules to smaller ones

energy is not required, it is released

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12
Q

do anabolic reactions need enzymes?

A

yes

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13
Q

do catabolic reactions need enzymes?

A

yes

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14
Q

example of anabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

example of catabolic reaction

A

respiration

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16
Q

what controls the rate of reactions in a cell?

A

enzymes

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17
Q

2 main sources of energy for living things

A

solar energy

cellular energy

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18
Q

what is solar energy?

A

it is trapped by organisms that contain pigments which can absorb light eg. chlorophyll

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19
Q

what is cellular energy?

A

held in biomolecules. capable of being released by reactions within a cell

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20
Q

3 steps in transfer of energy

A

solar energy
cellular energy in biomolecules
energy used to do work

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21
Q

what types of proteins are enzymes?

A

globular proteins

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22
Q

enzyme specificity

A

one enzyme will generally only react with one substrate

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23
Q

2 things that makes enzymes change

A

temperature

pH

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24
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A

chemicals that attach to the enzyme acive site and destroy their shape

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25
Q

optimum rate of an enzyme

A

the fastest rate an which an enzyme can work

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26
Q

substrate

A

substance with which an enzyme reacts

27
Q

product

A

the substance(s) the enzyme forms

28
Q

are enzyme reactions reversible

A

yes, they can go in both directions

29
Q

active site

A

region of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate

30
Q

why are enzymes specific?

A

because all of their active sights are different

31
Q

4 steps, induced fit model

A
  1. substrate binds to A S
  2. AS changes shape, binds better
  3. enzyme-substrate complex formed, turned into product
  4. product leaves active site and AS changes back
32
Q

how fast do the 4 steps happen?

A

very fast, up to 1,000 times a second in some enzymes

33
Q

what is a denatured function

A

lost its shape and has a permanent lost of function

34
Q

2 causes of denaturing

A
  1. high temperatures

2. unsuitable pH

35
Q

explain denaturing by high temperature

A

will gradually begin to lose 3D shape when heated to 40ºC and will be permanently denatured at 50ºC

36
Q

rate of a reaction

A

amount of product formed per unit of time

37
Q

rate of reaction experiment

substrate product enzyme

A

substrate: hydrogen peroxide
enzyme: catalase
products: water+oxygen

38
Q

rate of enzyme action at 0ºC

A

very low

39
Q

why would rate of reaction be low in low temperatures?

A

very little movement of molecules, less collisions occur between substrate and enzymes

40
Q

optimum temperature for enzymes in human body

A

37ºC

41
Q

optimum temperature for enzymes in plants

A

20ºC - 30ºC

42
Q

optimum pH for most enzymes

A

7

43
Q

optimum pH of pepsin in the stomach

A

2

44
Q

optimum pH of salivary amylase in the mouth

A

7

45
Q

optimum pH of pancreatic lipase

A

9

46
Q

3 types of catabolic enzymes

A

amylase
protease
lipase

47
Q

2 anabolic enzymes

A

DNA ligase

RNA polymerase

48
Q

DNA ligase

A

used in genetic engineering to join two pieces of DNA together

49
Q

RNA polymerase

A

build long chains of RNA during transcription

50
Q

3 commercial uses of enzymes

A
  • bio washing powders
  • rennet to make cheese
  • digest pectin (polysaccharide found in plants) cloud in fruit juices, wine and beer
51
Q

bioprocessing

A

the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce products

52
Q

bioreactors

A

a vessel or container in which living cells or enzymes are used to make a product

53
Q

what has replaced microorganisms in making bread, cheese, wine and beer

A

purified enzymes

54
Q

why would you imobilise enzymes?

A

done so that they can be reused over and over again

55
Q

what is an imobilised enzyme? 3 points

A

in a fixed postion
made insoluble
unable to move

56
Q

how can an enzyme be imobilised ?

A

sticking them to the surface of an inert (unreactive) substance, by enclosing them in a gel or fixing them to each other

57
Q

which enzyme breaks down pectin?

A

pactinase

58
Q

which enzyme beaks down lactose

A

lactase

59
Q

what is lactose broken down into

A

glucose and galactose

60
Q

what enzyme changes glucose into sweeter fructose?

A

glucose isomerase

61
Q

which enzymes are used in bio detergents

A

proteases

62
Q

which enzyme alters penicillin to make new antibiotics?

A

penecillin acylase

63
Q

3 advantages of immobilised enzymes

A
  • can be reused -> cheper
  • product purer, enzyme stays in biorector, doesn’t contaminate the product
  • immobilsed ones are more stable, reduces amount needed

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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