Respiration Flashcards
What is the definition of respiration
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
What is the equation for aerobic respiration
ATP
Glucose + oxygen ————-> carbon dioxide + water
C10H16N5O13P3 C6H12O6 + 6O2 —————————> CO2 + H2O
What is the definition of ventilation
Breathing, getting air in an out of the lungs
Are ventilation and respiration the same
No
What is anaerobic respiration, when is it used and where is it used commonly
It is respiration when energy demand exceeds oxygen supply, it does not require oxygen.
It is commonly used in areas deprived of oxygen e.g. mangroves
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria
ATP
Glucose ———> lactic acid
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
ATP
Glucose ————> ethanol + carbon dioxide
What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration (3)
- It is 19x less efficient than aerobic
- Toxic by-products are produced (lactic acid in animals and bacteria and ethanol in plants and fungi)
- It can only be sustained for a short period of time (in animals)
What compound can be used to measure change in CO2 concentration
Hydrogen carbonate - it changes colour when the CO2 concentration is increased or decreased
What is the atmospheric concentration of CO2
0.04%
Describe an experiment for measuring the rate of respiration of small animals
Équipement needed: wire gauze, water bath, plastic tubing, clip, bung, capillary tube, soda lime and coloured water
- Put the soda lime at the bottom of a test tube, then add the wire gauze further up and place the small animals on it.
- Place the tube in a water bath to keep the temperature constant.
- Place a bung on the test tube and place a capillary tube from this bung to the coloured water
- Measure the distance the coloured water goes up the tube and time take, to get the rate of oxygen uptake. This works because oxygen is intaken by the organisms, but the CO2 released is absorbed by the soda lime.
- Repeat for accuracy and average results
Describe an experiment to show the respiration of germinating peas
Equipment list: 3 test tubes, a conical flask, piping, a suction pump, germinating peas, lime water and potasssium hydroxide
- Fill the conical flask with peas, 2 test tubes with lime water and 1 test tube with potassium hydroxide
- Put two pipes in each one, with the following setup: potassium hydroxide connects to air and limewater, which connects to germinating peas, which connects to limewater, which connects to the suction pump.
- The potassium hydroxide will absorb CO2 coming in from the air, so the first limewater should stay clear. However, as the germinating peas respire and air is sucked out of the germinating peas flask, into the final test tube and into the suction pump, the CO2 produced by the germinating peas should make the limewater in the final test tube cloudy.
What are the muscles between the ribs called
Intercostal muscles
What is the diaphragm
A powerful set of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen
What is the trachea
The windpipe. Connects the larynx to the bronchioles
What is the larynx
The voice box (creates your voice)
What is a bronchiole
Small, thin walled air passages in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi and lead to alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. They transport air to the alveoli.
What is the alveoli
Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. Exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the lungs and bloodstream via their thin walls
What is expiration
Breathing out
What is inspiration
Breathing in
What happens when we breathe in (5)
- The external intercostal muscles contract and raise the ribs upwards and outwards
- The diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens
- The volume of the thorax increases
- The air pressure in the thoracic cavity falls below that of atmospheric air
- Air rushes into the lungs along a pressure gradient
What happens when we breathe out (5)
- The external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move downwards and inwards
- The diaphragm muscle relaxes and becomes dome-shaped
- The volume of the thorax decreases
- The air pressure in the thoracic cavity rises above that of the atmospheric pressure
- Air rushes out of the lungs along a pressure gradient
How to draw a lung
See Human Gas Exchange note
Why are alveoli suited to a fast rate of diffusion (3)
- A huge number of alveoli create a large surface area
- The cells are very thin, only one cell thick
- A strong blood supply maintains a high concentration difference
How to draw an alveoli
See Human Gas Exchange note
A circle with a tube going into it, then a ring of red blood cells in a tube around it
What is the gas exchange in the alveoli and what parts of the blood are affected
Oxygen enters the haemoglobin from the alveoli
Carbon dioxide leaves the blood plasma and enters the alveoli
What is systolic blood pressure
The maximum blood pressure experienced
What is a sphygomomanometer (probably not required for gcse)
A device that measures heart rate
What structure should you use to design a biological experiment
CORMSS
C- what changes
O - what organism will you use and what needs to be kept the same about it
R - how many repeats will you do to ensure reliability and what must be done if you get unreliable results
M - what is one thing you will measure (dependent variable)
S - what three factors will you keep the
same
S - how will you keep these factors the same
What technique should be used for drawing graphs
SLAPUK
S- scale
L - line of best fit or other if requested
A - axes. Independent variable on x-axis. Label axes
P - points plotted correctly
U - units
K - key (if applicable)
What is important to answering biology questions
Use key words related to the question e.g. if the question asks how enzymes work, words like catalyst, active site, lower activation energy etc are going to be on the mark scheme
What is the definition of osmosis
The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
What is the definition of active transport
The movement of particles through a selectively permeable cell membrane for a a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ENERGY from respiration
What is the definition of diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Which is not passive (requires energy): active transport, osmosis or diffusion
Active transport
Which does not involve the transport of solutes (only water transported): active transport, osmosis or diffusion
Osmosis
Which of these occur in nature: active transport, osmosis or diffusion
All
Which of these need a semi-permeable membrane: v active transport, osmosis or diffusion
All
Which is high to low concentration (follows concentration gradient) and which is low to high concentration (against the gradient): active transport osmosis and diffusion
Active transport is against, diffusion is with
What is the C:H:O ratio almost always in carbs
1:2:1 e.g glucose is C6H12O6
Are carbohydrates soluble or insoluble
Some are soluble, some are insoluble
Give an example of a soluble and insoluble carbohydrate
Soluble: glucose
Insoluble: starch
What are starch and glycogen examples of
Long chains of glucose molecules
Which is quicker to turn into glucose: glycogen or starch
Glycogen
How to test for starch
Add iodine - brown-yellow will become blue-black
How to test for glucose
Boil with Benedict’s solution: blue to brick red if glucose is present.
When testing for glucose, what do the following colours mean: blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red
Blue - no glucose
Green - a low concentration of glucose
Yellow - a moderate concentration of glucose
Orange - between a moderate and high glucose concentration
Brick red - high concentration of glucose
What is the structure of lipids
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. Glycerol is drawn pill shaped and the fatty acids are drawn as parallel lines coming off of the glycerol
What breaks the bond between glycerol and the 3 fatty acids
Lipase
What are lipids for
Insulation and support
How to test for lipids
Emulsion test: dissolve the lipid, add water and ethanol, then shake. If cloudy, lipids are present, if clear, no lipid
How to test for lipids
Emulsion test: dissolve the lipid, add distilled water and ethanol, then shake. If cloudy/white, lipids are present, if clear/colourless then they are not
How do we get proteins and in what form
From the food we eat - amino acid form
What are proteins used for
Growth and repair
What are proteins determined by
DNA
How to test for protein
Add the burette reagent - blue to lilac if protein is present, stays blue if not
List the structures that air passes through on its way from the nose to the alveoli
Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> Alveoli
Why do animals need lungs rather than exchanging gas through the skin (2)
- The surface area of lungs is larger than skin, allowing for more gas exchange to happen
- Ventilation can be done as much or as little as needed with lungs but not with skin
What is the difference in composition between inhaled air and exhaled air
Inhaled has a lot more oxygen, but exhaled has a lot more CO2
Why does breathing get faster and deeper during exercise
The body needs more oxygen because it needs more energy, which is produced through respiration, which requires oxygen
What chemicals are in cigarette smoke and what are they (3)
- Nicotine - addictive drug
- Tar - a sticky brown substance that is deposited in the lungs. It is a carcinogen
- Carbon monoxide - reduces the oxygen carrying capability of blood
Is smoking bad for you and should it be stopped
Yes it is bad for you and yes it should be stopped
What are some regulations (UK) to limit smoking and passive smoking
- The purchase age of cigarettes is 18, with the government planning to put this up 1 year every year, so those born in and after 2009 can never legally buy cigarettes
- Smoking in public places is now banned
- The packets have bad messages and pictures showing the damage they can do to try and discourage people from smoking
- They are taxed a lot to increase the price - 76% of cigarette price is tax
What is passive smoking
When you breathe in cigarette smoke but you are not the smoker
