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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

ATP
Glucose + oxygen ————-> carbon dioxide + water

                           C10H16N5O13P3 C6H12O6 + 6O2 —————————> CO2 + H2O
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3
Q

What is the definition of ventilation

A

Breathing, getting air in an out of the lungs

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4
Q

Are ventilation and respiration the same

A

No

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5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration, when is it used and where is it used commonly

A

It is respiration when energy demand exceeds oxygen supply, it does not require oxygen.

It is commonly used in areas deprived of oxygen e.g. mangroves

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6
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria

A

ATP
Glucose ———> lactic acid

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7
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

ATP
Glucose ————> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration (3)

A
  1. It is 19x less efficient than aerobic
  2. Toxic by-products are produced (lactic acid in animals and bacteria and ethanol in plants and fungi)
  3. It can only be sustained for a short period of time (in animals)
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9
Q

What compound can be used to measure change in CO2 concentration

A

Hydrogen carbonate - it changes colour when the CO2 concentration is increased or decreased

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10
Q

What is the atmospheric concentration of CO2

A

0.04%

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11
Q

Describe an experiment for measuring the rate of respiration of small animals

A

Équipement needed: wire gauze, water bath, plastic tubing, clip, bung, capillary tube, soda lime and coloured water

  1. Put the soda lime at the bottom of a test tube, then add the wire gauze further up and place the small animals on it.
  2. Place the tube in a water bath to keep the temperature constant.
  3. Place a bung on the test tube and place a capillary tube from this bung to the coloured water
  4. Measure the distance the coloured water goes up the tube and time take, to get the rate of oxygen uptake. This works because oxygen is intaken by the organisms, but the CO2 released is absorbed by the soda lime.
  5. Repeat for accuracy and average results
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12
Q

Describe an experiment to show the respiration of germinating peas

A

Equipment list: 3 test tubes, a conical flask, piping, a suction pump, germinating peas, lime water and potasssium hydroxide

  1. Fill the conical flask with peas, 2 test tubes with lime water and 1 test tube with potassium hydroxide
  2. Put two pipes in each one, with the following setup: potassium hydroxide connects to air and limewater, which connects to germinating peas, which connects to limewater, which connects to the suction pump.
  3. The potassium hydroxide will absorb CO2 coming in from the air, so the first limewater should stay clear. However, as the germinating peas respire and air is sucked out of the germinating peas flask, into the final test tube and into the suction pump, the CO2 produced by the germinating peas should make the limewater in the final test tube cloudy.
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13
Q

What are the muscles between the ribs called

A

Intercostal muscles

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14
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A powerful set of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen

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15
Q

What is the trachea

A

The windpipe. Connects the larynx to the bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the larynx

A

The voice box (creates your voice)

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17
Q

What is a bronchiole

A

Small, thin walled air passages in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi and lead to alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. They transport air to the alveoli.

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18
Q

What is the alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. Exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the lungs and bloodstream via their thin walls

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19
Q

What is expiration

A

Breathing out

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20
Q

What is inspiration

A

Breathing in

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21
Q

What happens when we breathe in (5)

A
  1. The external intercostal muscles contract and raise the ribs upwards and outwards
  2. The diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens
  3. The volume of the thorax increases
  4. The air pressure in the thoracic cavity falls below that of atmospheric air
  5. Air rushes into the lungs along a pressure gradient
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22
Q

What happens when we breathe out (5)

A
  1. The external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move downwards and inwards
  2. The diaphragm muscle relaxes and becomes dome-shaped
  3. The volume of the thorax decreases
  4. The air pressure in the thoracic cavity rises above that of the atmospheric pressure
  5. Air rushes out of the lungs along a pressure gradient
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23
Q

How to draw a lung

A

See Human Gas Exchange note

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24
Q

Why are alveoli suited to a fast rate of diffusion (3)

A
  1. A huge number of alveoli create a large surface area
  2. The cells are very thin, only one cell thick
  3. A strong blood supply maintains a high concentration difference
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25
Q

How to draw an alveoli

A

See Human Gas Exchange note

A circle with a tube going into it, then a ring of red blood cells in a tube around it

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26
Q

What is the gas exchange in the alveoli and what parts of the blood are affected

A

Oxygen enters the haemoglobin from the alveoli

Carbon dioxide leaves the blood plasma and enters the alveoli

27
Q

What is systolic blood pressure

A

The maximum blood pressure experienced

28
Q

What is a sphygomomanometer (probably not required for gcse)

A

A device that measures heart rate

29
Q

What structure should you use to design a biological experiment

A

CORMSS

C- what changes
O - what organism will you use and what needs to be kept the same about it
R - how many repeats will you do to ensure reliability and what must be done if you get unreliable results
M - what is one thing you will measure (dependent variable)
S - what three factors will you keep the
same
S - how will you keep these factors the same

30
Q

What technique should be used for drawing graphs

A

SLAPUK

S- scale
L - line of best fit or other if requested
A - axes. Independent variable on x-axis. Label axes
P - points plotted correctly
U - units
K - key (if applicable)

31
Q

What is important to answering biology questions

A

Use key words related to the question e.g. if the question asks how enzymes work, words like catalyst, active site, lower activation energy etc are going to be on the mark scheme

32
Q

What is the definition of osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

33
Q

What is the definition of active transport

A

The movement of particles through a selectively permeable cell membrane for a a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ENERGY from respiration

34
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

35
Q

Which is not passive (requires energy): active transport, osmosis or diffusion

A

Active transport

36
Q

Which does not involve the transport of solutes (only water transported): active transport, osmosis or diffusion

A

Osmosis

37
Q

Which of these occur in nature: active transport, osmosis or diffusion

A

All

38
Q

Which of these need a semi-permeable membrane: v active transport, osmosis or diffusion

A

All

39
Q

Which is high to low concentration (follows concentration gradient) and which is low to high concentration (against the gradient): active transport osmosis and diffusion

A

Active transport is against, diffusion is with

40
Q

What is the C:H:O ratio almost always in carbs

A

1:2:1 e.g glucose is C6H12O6

41
Q

Are carbohydrates soluble or insoluble

A

Some are soluble, some are insoluble

42
Q

Give an example of a soluble and insoluble carbohydrate

A

Soluble: glucose
Insoluble: starch

43
Q

What are starch and glycogen examples of

A

Long chains of glucose molecules

44
Q

Which is quicker to turn into glucose: glycogen or starch

A

Glycogen

45
Q

How to test for starch

A

Add iodine - brown-yellow will become blue-black

46
Q

How to test for glucose

A

Boil with Benedict’s solution: blue to brick red if glucose is present.

47
Q

When testing for glucose, what do the following colours mean: blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red

A

Blue - no glucose
Green - a low concentration of glucose
Yellow - a moderate concentration of glucose
Orange - between a moderate and high glucose concentration
Brick red - high concentration of glucose

48
Q

What is the structure of lipids

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. Glycerol is drawn pill shaped and the fatty acids are drawn as parallel lines coming off of the glycerol

49
Q

What breaks the bond between glycerol and the 3 fatty acids

A

Lipase

50
Q

What are lipids for

A

Insulation and support

51
Q

How to test for lipids

A

Emulsion test: dissolve the lipid, add water and ethanol, then shake. If cloudy, lipids are present, if clear, no lipid

52
Q

How to test for lipids

A

Emulsion test: dissolve the lipid, add distilled water and ethanol, then shake. If cloudy/white, lipids are present, if clear/colourless then they are not

53
Q

How do we get proteins and in what form

A

From the food we eat - amino acid form

54
Q

What are proteins used for

A

Growth and repair

55
Q

What are proteins determined by

A

DNA

56
Q

How to test for protein

A

Add the burette reagent - blue to lilac if protein is present, stays blue if not

57
Q

List the structures that air passes through on its way from the nose to the alveoli

A

Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> Alveoli

58
Q

Why do animals need lungs rather than exchanging gas through the skin (2)

A
  1. The surface area of lungs is larger than skin, allowing for more gas exchange to happen
  2. Ventilation can be done as much or as little as needed with lungs but not with skin
59
Q

What is the difference in composition between inhaled air and exhaled air

A

Inhaled has a lot more oxygen, but exhaled has a lot more CO2

60
Q

Why does breathing get faster and deeper during exercise

A

The body needs more oxygen because it needs more energy, which is produced through respiration, which requires oxygen

61
Q

What chemicals are in cigarette smoke and what are they (3)

A
  1. Nicotine - addictive drug
  2. Tar - a sticky brown substance that is deposited in the lungs. It is a carcinogen
  3. Carbon monoxide - reduces the oxygen carrying capability of blood
62
Q

Is smoking bad for you and should it be stopped

A

Yes it is bad for you and yes it should be stopped

63
Q

What are some regulations (UK) to limit smoking and passive smoking

A
  1. The purchase age of cigarettes is 18, with the government planning to put this up 1 year every year, so those born in and after 2009 can never legally buy cigarettes
  2. Smoking in public places is now banned
  3. The packets have bad messages and pictures showing the damage they can do to try and discourage people from smoking
  4. They are taxed a lot to increase the price - 76% of cigarette price is tax
64
Q

What is passive smoking

A

When you breathe in cigarette smoke but you are not the smoker

Biology (4 decks)

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