Heart + Blood Flashcards
What does a vein carry and in which direction
Deoxygenated blood towards the heart (where it is then sent to the lungs)
What does an artery carry and in which direction
Oxygenated blood away from the heart
What does renal relate to
Kidneys
What does hepatic relate to
Liver
What does pulmonary relate to
Lungs
What is the hepatic portal vein
Carries blood from the digestive system to the liver, so that the nutrients can be absorbed
What are the top chambers in the heart
Atrium
What are the bottom chambers in the heart
Ventricle
What separates the ventricle and the atrium
A valve
What separates the ventricle from the pulmonary artery/ aorta
A valve
What does the pulmonary artery do
Carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs
What does the aorta do
Distrubutes oxygenated blood to the body
What does the vena carva do
Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
Which side of the ventricle has thicker walls and why
Left - it is distributing blood to the body, so needs to be able to create higher blood pressure in order to do this
What is the heart made of
Cardiac muscle - never gets tired
What is coronary heart disease
The coronary artery is blocked by fat, therefore the cardiac muscle cannot respire, so it can’t release energy, so it can’t contract, so the person will have a heart attack
What is the coronary artery
The artery that brings blood to the heart
What factors could make coronary heart disease more likely (6)
- Heredity
- High blood pressure
- Diet
- Smoking - raises blood pressure
- Stress - raises blood pressure
- Lack of exercise
What is a normal average bpm
70
Why may heart rate increase naturally (2)
- Exercise
- Afraid/angry (fight or flight)
Which part of the brain controls heart rate
The medulla
Which has thick walls and why: artery, vein
Artery - blood is being pumped away from heart, so blood pressure is high, so thick wall needed.
Vein has low blood pressure as the blood pumping towards heart disease
What is the lumen
The central cavity in a blood vessel in which the blood travels
How does the body ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards
Using valves e.g. in the heart, or the semilunar valves in veins
Which has a bigger lumen: artery, vein
Vein
What do capillaries do
They carry blood through organs, bringing the blood close to every cell in the organ
How thick are the cells of the capillary
And why (2)
1 cell thick because:
1. This allows them to ‘fit’ inside the organ
2. Materials can pass through their walls easily, so exchange of substances is easy
What may be transported from cells to blood (3)
- CO2
- Water
- Other waste products
What may be transported from blood to cells (4)
- Oxygen
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Water
What could be passed each way from blood to cell
Water
What is plasma
Liquid part of blood that is mainly water - carries blood calls around the body as well as dissolved hormones, co2 and urea
What are erythrocytes
Red blood cells - Biconcave (to maximise surface area) with NO NUCLEUS (maximise blood transport capability). Carries oxygen in the haemoglobin
What are lymphocytes
White blood cells that produce antibodies
What are memory cells
Lymphocytes that persist in the body after the infection has been overcome
What is a phagocyte
A white blood cell that digests and destroys bacteira. Much larger than red blood cells
What are platelets
Fragments of cells that make blood clot when we cut ourselves. Forms scabs
What percent of white blood cells are phagocytes
70%
What are antigens
Markers on the surface of pathogens that can be used to destroy it by antibodies
Graph the immune response for 2x of being infected, with time on x axis and level of antibodies in blood on y axis
Antibodies rise slowly for first infection, peak at a low level and then fall slowly again. Then the numbers get to 0 and a lot of time passes. Then, the second infection causes a steeper increase in antibodies, along with a much higher peak.
