Genetic Modification Flashcards
How to mass produce insulin (7 steps)
- Identify the human gene that carries instructions for making insulin
- Cut the gene out of the chromosome using restriction endonuclease enzymes
- A plasmid is removed from a bacterium (the plasmid becomes the vector)
- The SAME restriction endonuclease enzymes is used to cut open the plasmid
- The insulin gene in inserted into the plasmid, which is now transgenic
- Place the recombinant plasmid into a bacterium
- Mass produce the bacteria in a fermenter
What does recombinant mean
Recombined
What is a vector in genetic modification
A DNA molecule used to carry foreign genes into host cells
Give 2 examples of vectors
- Plasmids (from bacteira)
- Virus
What is a plasmid
A small, circular loop of DNA in a bacteira cell
What is selective breeding
An artificial process carried out by humans to produce plants and animals that look or behave in a particular way. It would not occur naturally
Why may we use selective breeding (4)
Food
Medicine
Research (spare part surgery/testing)
Aestetics
What do the stomata do
They are open in the day so co2 to diffuse in during the day for photosynthesis, also allowing oxygen and water to diffuse out. In night, are closed, so gas exchange doesn’t occur
What do the guard cells do
They become flacid/turgid depending on if they want to close(flacid) or open(turgid) the stomata. Water enters the stomata in the day via osmosis, making them swell up (turgid)
What is the limiting factor
The factor that prevents the maximum to be reached e.g. the light intensity being too low will stunt the growth of a plant, so light intensity is the limiting factor
How does cloning work (use a sheep as an example)
- Somatic cell taken from sheep A’s mammary gland
- Egg cell taken from sheep b
- The nucleus is removed from the egg
- The nucleus of the somatic cell is implanted into the egg cell without a nucleus
- The egg has a full set of chromosomes so it becomes an embryo
- The embryo is implanted into the uterus of sheep c
- Clone of sheep A is born
What are some examples of organisms that reproduce asexually (4)
- Bacteria + single celled organisms
- Plants with vegetative reproduction by bulbs, corms etc.
- Fungi
- Some of the lower invertebrates
