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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many parents in asexual reproduction

A

1

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2
Q

Do gametes (sex cells) fuse in asexual reproduction and does genetic information mix

A

No and no

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3
Q

Does sexual or asexual reproduction produce clones (identical genetic material to parent)

A

Asexual

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4
Q

What type of cell division is the only type active in asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

Mainly what organisms use asexual reproduction

A

Bacteria, small plants and small animals

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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction (3 advantages)

A
  1. The species can quickly populate an area
  2. It is time and energy efficient
  3. Good in lowly populated areas because only 1 parent required
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7
Q

What is binary fission and what organisms use it

A

Bacteria - gets bigger then splits into two. Genetically identical. Can happen up to every 20 mins

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8
Q

What is binary fission and what organisms use it

A

Bacteria - gets bigger then splits into two. Genetically identical. Can happen up to every 20 mins

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9
Q

How many parents are in sexual reproduction

A

2

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10
Q

How does sexual reproduction work

A

Male and female gametes fuse to become fertilised. It is then known as a zygote

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11
Q

Where does the offspring get characteristics from in sexual reproduction

A

A combination of both parents

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12
Q

Is there genetic variation in sexual reproduction

A

Yes

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13
Q

What process is used to form Gametes in sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

What process is used to divide (cell division to make more cells) the zygote in sexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Is there variation in the offspring of sexual reproduction

A

Yes

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16
Q

What percentage of genetic info of a normal adult cell do gametes hold and what is this cell called

A

50% and haploid (only one set of chromosomes)

17
Q

What is a cell that has 2 set of chromosomes called

A

Diploid

18
Q

What happens on day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle? Brain, ovary and uterus

A

Brain: FSH secreted to the ovary
Ovary: a follicle is developed
Uterus: the uterus is shredded

19
Q

What happens on days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle Brain, Uterus and Ovary

A

Brain: LH is secreted to the ovary
Ovary: Ovulation occurs on day 14 and secretes oestrogen to the uterus
Uterus: The uterus lining is rebuilt

20
Q

What happens on days 15-28 in the menstrual cycle Brain, Uterus, Ovary

A

Brain: nothing
Ovary: the corpus leutem is formed
Uterus: the lining is maintained

21
Q

What is the corpus luteum and what is its purpose

A

A temporary collection of cells that forms on the ovary. It appears right after an egg leaves your ovary (ovulation). It is responsible for secreting progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle, which maintains the thickened uterine lining and prepares it for implantation of a fertilized egg.

22
Q

Which ovulary hormone rises after ovulation and which one falls

A

Oestrogen falls, then climbs a bit but not to the same level, then falls again.
Progesterone rises very high, then falls
See sexual vs asexual + human reproduction note for the graph

23
Q

Which gonadotrophic hormone rises a lot at the end of the follicular phase and which one rises a little but not much

A

LH: big, fast rise then quick fall
FSH: small, fast rise then quick fall
See sexual vs asexual + human reproduction note for graph

24
Q

What structure is the embryo enclosed in and what does it secrete

A

Amnion (membrane) and amniotic fluid

25
Q

What does amniotic fluid do for the embryo

A

Protects it from jolts and bumps

26
Q

What happens when a woman’s water breaks

A

The amnion membrane ruptures and the amniotic fluid is released

27
Q

What is the placenta

A

A structure that gives the embryo nutrition, anchors the embryo to the uterus and secretes progesterone. It is at the other end of the umbilical cord to the embryo.

28
Q

What does the umbilical artery carry and in which direction

A

Deoxygenated blood (only artery which carries deoxygenated) and waste products. From fetus to placenta

29
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry and in which direction

A

Oxygenated blood (the only vein that carries oxygenated) and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

30
Q

What separates the blood of the mother and the fetus

A

A membrane

31
Q

See sexual vs asexual note for the female diagram and memorise

A

Yes

32
Q

See sexual vs asexual note for the male diagram and memorise

A

Yes

33
Q

What changes happen to boys when they hit puberty? (6 answers)

A
  1. Sperm production starts
  2. Growth and development of male sexual organs
  3. Growth of armpit and pubic hair, and chest and facial hair
  4. Increase in body mass, growth of muscles eg chest
  5. Voice breaks
  6. Sexual drive ‘develops’
34
Q

What changes do girls experience when they hit puberty? (7 answers)

A
  1. The menstrual cycle begins
  2. Growth and development of female sexual organs
  3. Increase in body mass, development of ‘rounded’ shape to hips
  4. Voice deepens without sudden breaking
  5. Sexual ‘drive’ develops
  6. Growth of armpit and pubic hair
  7. Breasts develop

Biology (4 decks)

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