Respiration Flashcards
State steps of glycolysis
Carbon 6-C is phosphorylsed twice via ATP which turns into ADP to hexose bi phosphate
Hexose biphosphate splits into 2 triose phosphate
molecules
2 H is removed from each of the triose phosphate and transferred to NAD to from 2 NADH plus 2 H
4 Phosphates (2 from each compound) transferred to 4ADP to produce 4ATP. –> this forms 2 pyruvate molecules
State steps of Link Reaction
Pyruvate (Product of Glycolysis) becomes oxidised as H removed to from NADH from NAD. and it is decarboxlysed to form acetate
After removal, acetate combines with CoA to form Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA moves into the Krebs Cycle
State steps of Krebs Cycle
Product of Link Reaction (Acetate CoA) leaves CoA to form citrate (6C0
Citrate is decarboxylysed and oxidised to form 5C Intermediate compound ( Products are NADH + CO2)
5C Intermediate is then decarboxylysed and oxidised 3 times and undergoes substrate level phosphorlyation to produce 2 FADH, 1 NADH, and ATP from ADP and 1 CO2 and forms oxoaloacatate . Oxoaloacetate combines with Acetate CoA again to form citrate.
State process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
H removed from NADH/FADH and splits into protons and electrons. Electrons passed through electron transport chain to release enough energy to actively transport Protons up the conc. gradietn from membrane to intermembrane space. Conc. gradient created between Intermembrane Space and matrix. Protons then move back down conc. gradient back to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through ATP Synthase. This provides enough energy for ATP Synthase. Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor and combines with electron at end of electron transport chain to form water.
why does aerobic resp. have greater energy yield than anaerobic
In anaerobic, oxidative phosphorylation does not occur
No oxygen to act as a final elec. acceptor - none of reaction within mitochondria take place
What occurs during anaerobic respiration mechanisms–> yeast + animal
YEAST
NADH -> NAD, 2x H goes into ethanal and turns into ethanol.
1. Pyruvate decarboxylated into Ethanal producing CO2
2. Ethanal is reduced to Ethanol
ANIMAL
1.Pyruvate is reduced (2x H) into Lactate
What occurs during lactate fermentation (Anaerobic) and what can happen after it is formed
NAD transfers its H into pyruvate to form lactate
Pyruvate is reduced (-2H) to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
After lactate is fomred:
1. Oxidised back into pyruvate -> goes into Krebs for ATP Production.
2.Lactate is converted into glycogen
THESE PROCESSES REQUIRE EXTRA 02 WHICH CAUSES O2 DEBT!
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm and the rest of the processes occur in the mitochondria
Why does aerobic respiration yield less ATP than theoretical yield
-ATP required to move pyruvate from cytoplasm into mitochondria
-Not all NADH is USED TO FEED INTO THE E.T.C
-Not all H+ movement goes through ATP Synthase
Which anaerobic respiration mechanisms cannot be reversed
Yeast and the enzyme is decarboxylase
What are the roles of co-enzymes
NAD accepts hydrogen
NAD carries hydrogen for oxidative phosphorylation
NAD carries electrons for oxidative phosphorylation
What is the role of ATP
-Releases energy
-Phosphates removed by hydrolysis
- ADP attaches to Pi forming ATP to undergo respiration
NAD CAN STILL BE RE USED HENCE GYLCOLYSIS CAN STILL OCCUR!
