Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards
What are 3 ways to immobilise enzymes
Hydrophobic bond to solid support
Covalent Bond to substance
Encapsulate in matrix
Memrbane seperation
Adsorbtion
What are the benefits of immobilising enzymes
-Enzymes can be re used hence reduce cost
-Produces enzyme free products to avoid contamination with new enzyme
-Improves stability -> More tolerant to enzyme and pH changes making them more stable and less likely to denature
What is primary metabolite and name an example
Molecule needed for cell’s normal survival E.G - Glucose
What is meant by recombinant DNA
DNA combined from two organisms
How does cloning occur
Somatic cell fused with enucleated egg cell from another organism-> done by electrostimulation. Fused cell start dividing forming embryo -> Embryo implanted in uterus in surrogate mothers
What are the adv. and disadv. of cloning as opposed to breeding
Adv. - Rapidly increases population of a certain species
Ensures transmission of desirable genetic traits to multiple offspring
Avoids mating risks
Preserves biodiversity
Disadv. - No genetic variability
Expensive
Cloning success rate is very poor
More susceptible to environmental factors
Cloned organism may possess health issue
What is biotechnology
Large scale use of living micro organisms to produce food
Enzymes to produce drugs
Makes enzymes for WATER TREATMENT
What are secondary metabolites
Substances produced in non essential processes - E.G - Antibiotics and plant defence chemicals
What are 4 ways named factors inside fermenter can be adjusted to maximise yield
Oxygen - Increase it
pH - Add Buffer
Temperature - Maintain at optimum
Prevent entry of unwanted microbes
What are the advantages of using micro organisms
Fast growth
Microbes can be genetically engineered
Processes occur at low temp.
Easier to maintain
Products are easy to separate
What is the importance of maintaining aseptic conditions
To avoid any unwanted microbe entry so no competition for nutrients
To avoid changing conditions to prevent decrease in yield - no contamination of batch
What are some applications of adult cell cloning
To preserve endangered species
To product best animals
How does bacteria cause food spoilage
Bacteria divide , more bacteria present and they secrete enzymes. Food is broken down
Release of toxins
