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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How is Genetic Variation Produced?

A

Independent Assortment of Bivalent in Metaphase I so homologous chromosnes have Different Alleles which produces a Larger n. of Allele Combinations

Mutations change the nucleotide sequence

**Crossing over ** of Chiasma at Prophase I so Chromatids have *new combonation * of alleles –> alleles swapped between non sister chromatids

Random Fertilisation hence there is a varitety of alleles so offspring have alleles from more than 1 parent

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2
Q

What are 3 roles of meiosis

A

Growth and repair of tissues
Asexual reproduction
Producing gametes from haploid cells

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3
Q

What is special in Metaphase I

A

Bivalents line up along equator

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4
Q

What is special in anaphase I

A

Whole chromosone with different allele combinations are pulled appart to opposite poles of cell thus each cell contains genetically different chromosones

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5
Q

What is special in Telophase I

A

Two haploid cells produce

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6
Q

What are homologous chromosones

A

One maternal and One paternal which carry genes *but different alleles *and form a bivalent

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7
Q

Why must genetic material of a cell replicate

A

Cells are genetically identical so both cells are able to recieve a full copy

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8
Q

What occurs in Prophase

A

Chromosones condense
Spindle fibres form
Nuclear envolope breaks down
Centrioles appear and move to oppsoite poles of cell

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9
Q

What occurs in metaphase

A

Chromosones line up along equator(center of cell) and attach to spindle

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10
Q

What occurs in Anaphase

A

Spindles contract –> pulling chromosnes to opposite ends of the cell

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11
Q

Waht occurs in telophase

A

Chromosones reach opposite poles of cell
Nuclear envolope reforms

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12
Q

What occurs in cytokensis

A

Cytoplasm divide

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13
Q

What occurs during Interphase

A

Genetic material copied
Protein Synthesis
Checking DNA for errors

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14
Q

What happens if dna is not checked for errors

A

Then daughter cell will not recieve identical info.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of potentcy

A

Totipotency
Multipotenet
Pluripotent

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16
Q

What is totipotency

A

Stems cells that can differentiate into any cell found in embryo

17
Q

What is pluripotency

A

Comes from emberyos and can turn into almost any type of cell but not cells that make up the placenta

18
Q

What is Multipotentcy

A

Cells w/ limited potential to develop into many types—> ADULT STEM CELL

19
Q

What are adaptations of erythocrytes

A

Bioconcave shape which increases SA over which O2 can be absorbed

No nucleus thus can store more space

Large SA:V Ratio

Flexible –> Squeeze through capillaries

20
Q

What are adaptations of neurophils

A

**Flexible shape **to squeeze through cell junctions. Contains may lyzozymes which are hydrolytic enzymes to englulf bacteria

21
Q

What are adaptations of sperm cells

A

Nucleus w/ half n. of chromosones
Acrosome in head containing digestive enzymes which break down outer layer of egg cell
Tail rotates –> propelling sperm cell foeard and allowing it to move towards egg cell

22
Q

What are adaptations of Root Hair cells

A

Increases SA thus uptake by osmosis is greater

23
Q

What are adaptations of cilliated epithillium

A

Contain cillia which *beat in rhythm to move mucus to top of trachea from lungs

24
Q

What are adaptations of guard cells

A

THICKER inner cell wall
THINNER outer cell wall
which allows cell to bend whilst turgid

25
Q

State the phases in cell cycle and what they are (G1 G2 S M)

A

S –> Cell replication
M –> Mitosis
G1 _> Cell checks chemicals nned for replication present
G2–> Checks whether all dna replicated

26
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated type of cell which differentiates into all other cell types

27
Q

What is the similarities and difference between Prophase I in Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Sim –> Chromosones condense and consists of 2 sister chromatids
Nuclear envolope breaks down & Spindle fibres form
————————————————–
Differences (IN MEIOSIS)
Homologous chromosones form and form a bivalent
Crossing over occurs in chiamsa in prohase I
In prophase II –> Cells are genetically different

28
Q

How is organisation of Homologous chromosones duirng metapahse I increase genetic variation

A

Independent assortment
H.C line up along the equator
H.C face opposite poles of the cell
Genetically different chromatids

29
Q

How are xylem vessel elements produced from STEM cells

A

Differentiation
Cell Elongation
Lignification of Cell Wall

Biology (18 decks)

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