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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria

A

Spherical rod shaped branched 2-5 micrometers long and surrounded by double membrane with inner membrane folded to form cristae and small circular pieces of dna found in matrix and ribosomes

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2
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Site of ATP production during aerobic respiration and visible with a light microscope

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts

A

Found in plant cells and is surrounded by double membrane and inner membrane continuous with stacks of flattened memb. sacs called thylakoid and contains loops or dna or starch graisn and the function is that it is the site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the structure and function RER

A

Phospholipid bilayer forms cisternae and covered with ribosomes on surface. MEMBRANE CONTINIOUS W/ NUCLEAR ENVOLOPE

Proteins actively pass through memb. into cisternae and transported into G.A for modification and packaging

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of SER

A

System of memb. containing fluid filled cavities which are continous w/ nuclear memb. but no ribosomes on the surface
Involved in production processing and storagfe of lipids carbohydarates and steroids

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the G.A

A

Contains flattened memb. sacs similar to RER
Modifides and packages proteins before packaging them into the G.A and then transports porteins and lipids into their desired destination

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7
Q

What is the structure of Lysosomes

A

Specalist form of vesicles which contain hydrolyic enzymes
Breaks down waste materials

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8
Q

What is the structure of nucelus

A

Nucelus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nucelar envolope - (contains dna organised and wound into linear chromsonoes and seperates contents of nucelus from rest of the cell) and there inside the nucelus called the nucelous - (contains rna where chromosones unwind themselves)

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9
Q

What are the differences about prokaryotes which eukaryotes don’t have

A

Much smaller than eukaryotes
Cytoplasm which lacks memb. bound organekkes
Smaller ribosomes
Contains: plasmids - single circular piec3e of dna not assoicated with histone proteins
flagellum - enables cell movement
ce3ll wall made of peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What are the similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Both have cytoplasm
DNA and RNA
Plasma Memb.

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11
Q

What is the defenition of magnification

A

Tells you how much bigger the image produced by a microscope is than the real life image you are viewing

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12
Q

What is the defenition of resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between object which are close together

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13
Q

What are the 3 different types of microscopes

A

Laser - Scanning Confocal
Optical
Electron

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14
Q

What are the features of optical microscopes

A

Uses light to form an image which limits the resolution of optimical resoluton

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15
Q

What is the max resolution of optical microscopes

A

0.2 MICROMETERES
200 NANOMETERS

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16
Q

What is the max magnification of light microscopes

A

1500x

17
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

Uses electrons to form an images which increases the resolution and gives a more detailled image

18
Q

What is the max resolution of electron microscopes

A

0.2NM/ 0.0002MICROMETERS

19
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission EM-1,000,000x >1nm
Scanning EM-4nm 1,000,000x

20
Q

What are the adv. and disadv. of TEM

A

They Transmit through species
They give higher resolution
Allow internal structures to be seen

HOWEVER

They can only be used to observe thin specimen/sections of objects observed
They do not produce colour on images
Only used to overserve live specimen

21
Q

What is SEM and what are the features

A

Bounce of surface of specimen
Advantages:
They produce 3D Images
which can be seen by specimen

Disadvantages:
They give lower resolution images
Cannot be used to observe live specimens

22
Q

What are the features and adv. and disav. of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes

A

Clles stained with fluorescent dye and laser veam reflected by fluorescent dye

Advantages:
Used on Thick 3-D Structure
Allow External 3-D Structure
Gives High resolution

Disadvantages:
Slow process
It has potential to cause photodamage to cells

23
Q

State the steps for how proteins are produced?

A
  1. The DNA from nucleus is copied into a molecule called mRNA via transcrption
  2. mRNA strand leaves nucleus through nuclear pores and attaches to a ribosome on RER
  3. Ribosome reads genetic insturvtions contained within mRNA and uses code to **Synthesise a protein ** which is called translation
  4. Protein passes into **RER ** to be folded and Processed
  5. The processed proteins are the transported into the Golgi Apparatus in Transport Vesicles which fuse w/ G.A releasing the proteins
  6. The G.A modifies the proteins prepearing them for Secretion
  7. Modified proteins packaged into *Secretory Veislces *then leave G.A in Secretory vesicles moving along cytoskeleton
  8. Vesicles *fuse w/ plasma memb. * releasing proteins via exocytosis
24
Q

What is the importance of cytoskeleton

A

Strengthening and support–> provides cell w/ mechanical strength forming scaffolding helping maintain shape
Intracelluar Movement –> cytoskeleton aids transport** * within cells **forming tracks** along which organelles can move
**Celluar movement –> enables cell movement via *cillia and flagella

25
Q

What is the structure and function of centrioles

A

Consist of small hollow cylindrical proteins called microtubules

Function is that is seperates chromosones during cell replication

26
Q

Explain the role of membrane in RER

A

Holds ribosomes in place
Seperate Proteins from Cytoplasm

27
Q

How to measure size/diameter of nucelus

A

Use Eyepiece Graticule
Calibrate Eyepiece Graticule using stage micrometer
Calculate diamater of Nucleus in EPU
Repeat this several times to calculate a mean
Use CALIBRATED EPU TO CALCULATE MEAN

28
Q

How does cytoskeleton move organelles

A

Via MICROTUBULES

Biology (18 decks)

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