Patterns of inheritance Flashcards
What is genetic drift
Causes random change in allele frequency within a population’s gene pool due to chance events which impact small populations significantly
What does a large pop. size mean for genetic diversity and adaptation capability
Large gene pool means genetic diversity is high and populations are able to adapt effectively to changing slection pressures through natural selection
What does small pop. size mean for genetic diversity and adaptation capablility
Small gene pool means genetic diversity is low and for adaptation capability there is a risk of extinction when there are changes in selection pressure
What is bottleneck effect and what are the impacts
When pop. size reduces suddenly and drastically
Impacts are it reduces gene pool and causes genetic diversity to decrease compared to OG Pop. and it causes issues related to inbreeding and reducing fertility
What is founder effect
WHen small group splits from larger pop. and snall new pop. is is estbalished
Impacts are reduces gene pool causing decreases genetic diversity compared to OG Pop.
Rare alleles from OG Pop. may become more common in new pop. whether they are beneficial/harmful
What is epistasis
Interaction between genes where one gene masks expression of another gene
What is reproductive isolation
Occurs when populations are unable to successfully produce viable, fertile offspring
What is autosmal linkage
When genes are located on the same chromosone they are INHERITED TOGETHER/ two genes close togehter+ tight linkage
What is codomiaince
Two different alleles equally expressed in organsim’s phenotype at the same time
How does selective breeding lead to increased yield
-Breed high yielding indiv./plants
-Assess Yield
-Cross breed high yielding offspring over generations
What are 2 other develpments other than selective breeding which accoutns for increase in wheat yield
Use of pesticide + fertiliser
How to do artifical selection
Selection of desired feature
Cross breed selected cattle and offspring over many generations
What is the definition of a genotype
Combination of alleles possesed by an organism
What is the definition of an allele
Version of a gene
Why cant hardy weinberg be used to predict frequencies for all
Small pop. size + not randomly mating
State different types of isolating mechanisms
Behaviorual
Mechanical
Seasonal
Geographical
What is gene locus
Location of allele on chromosone
How to know whether something is signifcant in chi squared
p> x^2 -> not significant
p < x^2 -> significant
How to do selective breeding
Select sheep with desired characteristic
Interbeed
Select best offspring
Breed for many generations
How are remote islands optimal for speciation
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
Small gene pool-> Founder effect -> Genetic Drift
What are 3 modern methods of selective breeding
-Artifical insemination
-IVF
-Cloning
Why does a reduction in biodiversity present problems for agriculture in the future
Smaller gene pool -> loss of genetic diversity hence loss of alleles which may have been useful
Agricultural requirements in the future may be different
