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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of amino acids

A

-NH2 (Methyl) group -CH R Group (R determines protein) and -COOH group (Carboxylic acid)

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2
Q

How are peptides bonds form

A

Bond form after condensation of 2 amino acids and OH group from -COOH and H Group from -NH3 are relased and -COO and -NH is fromed between

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3
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of a.a bonded by covalent peptide bonds which is the primary structure

DNA of cell determines primary structure of protein

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4
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein

A

Two Types:
Alpha - Helix : every 4th peptide bond and forms H bonds w/ double bond from C and bond from N-H from the same polypeptide chain

Beta - Pleated: Forms H Bonds w/ double bond from C and bond from N-H –> 2 Seperate Polypeptide Chains

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5
Q

What are the 4 different bonds that occur in tertiary structure

A

Ionic Bonds - Negative and Positive R Group attraction
DiSulfide Bonds - Bond between 2 Cytesine(Sulfur) R groups
Hydrogen Bonds - Forms strongly between Polar R-Groups
Hydrophobic Interactions - Between Non Polar R Groups

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6
Q

What are 2 types of quaternary proteins

A

Fibrous and Globular Proteins

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7
Q

What is a Globular Protein and what are the featues

A

Soluble in water and due to Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic interaction in Protein’s Structure –> easily transported in fluid
Conjugated protein
Spherical
3-D Shaped

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8
Q

What is an example of a globular protein and explain it

A

HAEMOGLOBIN

Conjugated Protein –> Non protein group attached to protein Group
Spherical and 3-D

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9
Q

Explain the structure of Haemoglobin

A

Contains 4 PolyPeptide Chains and each has a Prosthetic Haem Group

Each Haem Group contains an Iron Ion

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10
Q

State examples of Enzymes and Hormonesand what type of hormone they are

A

Enzyme - Amylase - Catalyses reaction
Hormone - Insulin - Involved in cell signalling
They are Globular Protein

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11
Q

What is a Fibrous Protein and give example

A

Tough and Rod shaped but Insoluble and strong and Flexible

Examples:
Collagen - Found in connective tissue
Keratin - Flexible and found on skin
**Elasticity - Found in arteries

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12
Q

What is celluose

A

Long chain of Beta Glucose monomers

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13
Q

What features does celluose have which makes it a good structural component

A
  1. Unbranched
  2. Insoluble in water
  3. Unreactive
  4. Flexible
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14
Q

What are the functions of celluose

A
  1. Main structural component of cell walls
  2. Highly tensile strength allows it to be stretched without breaking to withstand turgour pressure
  3. Strengthened cell walls to provide support to plant
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15
Q

What are the properties of water

A
  1. High latent heat of vapourisation –> Evaporation is a cooling mechanism for example: Sweating
  2. High specific heat capacity –> Stable enviornment for aquatic organisms, Organism use less energy on temp. control. Internal temp. of organism changes slowly so enzymes can function properly*
  3. Effective Solvent –> Used as an Internal Transport Medium
  4. Ice is less dense than water –> As Ice floats on water thus it is forms as an insulation layer for aquatic organisms at low temps and water below ice does not freeze
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16
Q

Why is Glycogen used in animals

A
  1. Insoluble –> Does not affect water potential of cell
  2. Contains branches which means there are lots of end for removing glucose
  3. Compact molecule thus stores a lot of energy
17
Q

Starch is a mixture of Amylose and Amylopectin –> what are the similarities and differences between the 2 polysaccharides?

A

Similarities
Both are Long Chain of Alpha Glucose monomers
Both have 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Differences
Amylopectin has 1-6 Glycosidic Bonds
Amylopectin has Side Branches ( every 20 monomers )

18
Q

What are the structure and function of Triglycerides

A

Thermal Insulation -> Part of the composition of my
Energy Storage –> As triglycerides are Hydrophobic
they do not cause osmotic water uptake in cells thus more cells can be stored
Buoyancy –> The low denstiy of fat tissues increases the ability of animals to float more easily

19
Q

What is the structure of a glycerol monomer

A

3 Carbon with each only bonded to only 1 OH group and Hs for rest

20
Q

What is the structure for fatty acid tails

A

-COOH(Carboxyl) group bondend to methyl groups for rest

21
Q

What is the structure for a phosphate group

A

P in middle bonded to 2 -OH and -2 O

22
Q

Name a reducing sugar

A

Maltose

23
Q

Name a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

24
Q

What is the method to test for reducing sugars

A
  1. Use Benedict’s solution and boil solution in a water bath and if sugar is reducing –> BRICK -RED PRECIPITATE FORMS and if none present sample stays blue
25
Q

Name non reducing sugars

A

ALL MONOSACCHARIDES and some disaccharides (maltose, lactose)

26
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars

A

Sucrose may be present after failed positive test for reducing sugars thus you add hydrochloric acid to get rid of glycosidic bond (Acid Hydrolysis) amd you neutralise it and use litmus paper to test for pH and then PERFORM BENEDICT’S TEST AGAIN ( if solution goes birck-red, sucrose present)

27
Q

What are examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

28
Q

Why are fibrous protein strong

A

contains MANY STRONG HYDROGEN BONDS between polypeptide chains

29
Q

How is fibrous a tertiary protein

A

Long chain of A.A
Strong –> Provides strength to artery walls
Non Polar/Hydrophobic interactions cause it to be insoluble

Biology (18 decks)

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