Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is the structure of amino acids
-NH2 (Methyl) group -CH R Group (R determines protein) and -COOH group (Carboxylic acid)
How are peptides bonds form
Bond form after condensation of 2 amino acids and OH group from -COOH and H Group from -NH3 are relased and -COO and -NH is fromed between
What is the primary structure of a protein
Sequence of a.a bonded by covalent peptide bonds which is the primary structure
DNA of cell determines primary structure of protein
What is the secondary structure of protein
Two Types:
Alpha - Helix : every 4th peptide bond and forms H bonds w/ double bond from C and bond from N-H from the same polypeptide chain
Beta - Pleated: Forms H Bonds w/ double bond from C and bond from N-H –> 2 Seperate Polypeptide Chains
What are the 4 different bonds that occur in tertiary structure
Ionic Bonds - Negative and Positive R Group attraction
DiSulfide Bonds - Bond between 2 Cytesine(Sulfur) R groups
Hydrogen Bonds - Forms strongly between Polar R-Groups
Hydrophobic Interactions - Between Non Polar R Groups
What are 2 types of quaternary proteins
Fibrous and Globular Proteins
What is a Globular Protein and what are the featues
Soluble in water and due to Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic interaction in Protein’s Structure –> easily transported in fluid
Conjugated protein
Spherical
3-D Shaped
What is an example of a globular protein and explain it
HAEMOGLOBIN
Conjugated Protein –> Non protein group attached to protein Group
Spherical and 3-D
Explain the structure of Haemoglobin
Contains 4 PolyPeptide Chains and each has a Prosthetic Haem Group
Each Haem Group contains an Iron Ion
State examples of Enzymes and Hormonesand what type of hormone they are
Enzyme - Amylase - Catalyses reaction
Hormone - Insulin - Involved in cell signalling
They are Globular Protein
What is a Fibrous Protein and give example
Tough and Rod shaped but Insoluble and strong and Flexible
Examples:
Collagen - Found in connective tissue
Keratin - Flexible and found on skin
**Elasticity - Found in arteries
What is celluose
Long chain of Beta Glucose monomers
What features does celluose have which makes it a good structural component
- Unbranched
- Insoluble in water
- Unreactive
- Flexible
What are the functions of celluose
- Main structural component of cell walls
- Highly tensile strength allows it to be stretched without breaking to withstand turgour pressure
- Strengthened cell walls to provide support to plant
What are the properties of water
- High latent heat of vapourisation –> Evaporation is a cooling mechanism for example: Sweating
- High specific heat capacity –> Stable enviornment for aquatic organisms, Organism use less energy on temp. control. Internal temp. of organism changes slowly so enzymes can function properly*
- Effective Solvent –> Used as an Internal Transport Medium
- Ice is less dense than water –> As Ice floats on water thus it is forms as an insulation layer for aquatic organisms at low temps and water below ice does not freeze