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Exercise Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

Ventilation (breathing) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

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2
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Oxygen utilization and Carbon Dioxide production by the tissues

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3
Q

2 functions of the respiratory system during exercise

A
  1. Gas exchange between the environment and the body
  2. Regulation of acid-base balance during exercise
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4
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air and molecules occurring in bulk flow due to pressure difference

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5
Q

Inspiration

A

When atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure

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6
Q

Expiration

A

When intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

Mechanics of inspiration

A

Diaphragm pushes down and ribs push out to increase volume of the lungs

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8
Q

Mechanics of expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and ribs are pulled inward to decrease volume of lungs and increase pressure

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9
Q

Where does ventilation occur at rest vs as intensity increases

A

Through the nose transitions to nose and mouth as nasal valve and nares expand

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10
Q

Minute ventilation

A

(Pulmonary ventilation) amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute

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11
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved per breath

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12
Q

Breathing frequency

A

Number of breaths per minute

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13
Q

What happens to breathing frequency and tidal volume during graded exercise?

A

They both increase.

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14
Q

What is ventilation controlled by at rest?

A

Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord and the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongate

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15
Q

Neural input comes from

A

Motor cortex and skeletal muscle mechanoreceptors (spindles, golgi tendon, joint pressure receptors)

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16
Q

What makes up humoral chemoreceptors

A

Central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors

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17
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

In the medulla ; controls PCO2 and H+ concentration is cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Located in aortic and carotid bodies; responsible for PCO2, PO2, H+ and K+ in the blood

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19
Q

What is ventilators control during sub maximal exercise mediated by?

A

Neural input

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20
Q

V/Q ratio

A

Ventilation perfusion ration compares blood flow to ventilation. Ideally should be around 1.0

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21
Q

V/Q at apex of the lungs

A

Underperfused relative to ventilation as blood pools at the base with gravity. Ventilation > blood flow 1.0<

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22
Q

V/Q at the base of the lungs

A

Over perfused relative to ventilation. Ventilation < blood flow 1.0>

23
Q

Exercise induced asthma

A

Caused by contraction of smooth muscle around airway and mucus in the airway post exercise

24
Q

Exercise relationship to V/Q

A

Low to moderate intensity exercise improves V/Q

25
Q

High intensity exercise on V/Q

A

Since cardiac output increases, blood flow increases and the pulmonary capillary transit time increases leading to less saturation of red blood cell lowering the partial pressure in the arteries

26
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood

A

99% is bound to hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin

27
Q

What determines the amount of oxygen transported per unit volume of blood?

A
  1. Hemoglobin concentration
  2. Arterial oxygen saturation
  3. Amount dissolved in the plasma
28
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve direction depends on

A
  1. PO2 in the blood
  2. Affinity between hemoglobin and Oxygen
29
Q

PO2 at the lung

A

High PO2 therefore formation of oxyhemoglobin (loading)

30
Q

PO2 at the tissues

A

Low PO2 there fore release of O2 to the tissues (unloading)

31
Q

pH effect hemoglobin

A

Decreased pH (acidic) lowers hemoglobin O2 affinity causing rightward shift

32
Q

Rightward shift of the dissociation curve indicates

A

Offloading of oxygen to the tissues

33
Q

Temperature effect on Hemoglobin

A

Increased blood temperature lowers hemoglobin affinity promoting offloading. Rightward shift

34
Q

pH during exercise

A

Increases blood H+ levels lowering acidity and having H+ bind to hemoglobin instead of Oxygen.

35
Q

Temperature during exercise effect on hemoglobin

A

Increase in temperature during exercise weakening O2 hemoglobin affinity increasing unloading to the muscle

36
Q

2-3 DPG

A

Byproduct of RBC glycolysis. Occurs during altitude exposure and causes right shift

37
Q

Right shift on curve means

A

Greater a-VO2 difference lowering the steep portion of the curve but overall not much change at the lungs

38
Q

Myoglobin

A

Shuttles oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers

39
Q

Where is myoglobin concentration highest?

A

In type 1 muscle fibers as they are the fatigue resistant fibers

40
Q

Difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin affinity for oxygen

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so it binds oxygen at very low PO2 compared to hemoglobin which only binds at high PO2

41
Q

Myoglobin during transition periods from rest to exercise

A

Myoglobin O2 stores serve as a reserve.

42
Q

Myoglobin after exercise

A

Myoglobin O2 stores must be replenishes leading to higher demand for oxygen and O2 debt

43
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide transported in the blood

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to hemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

44
Q

Where is Carbon Dioxide produced at the highest concentration

A

Carbon Dioxide is produced at the highest concentrations in the tissue

45
Q

Increase in Pulmonary ventilation effect on H+

A

Increasing ventilation will get rid of Carbon Dioxide through expiration and remove H+ from the blood making pH more basic

46
Q

Decrease pulmonary ventilation effect on H+

A

Decreasing Ventilation will increase CO2 build up and increase H+ concentration (decrease pH to more acidic)

47
Q

What happens to PO2 and PCO2 at the onset of submaximal steady state

A

They are relatively unchanged

48
Q

What happens to ventilation at the onset of submaximal steady state

A

rapid increase initially and then slower rise until steady state

49
Q

PCO2 during prolonged exercise in heat

A

Little change as higher ventilation is not due to increase PCO2

50
Q

Ventilation trend during prolonged exercise in heat

A

Ventilation drifts upwards because increased blood temperature affects respiratory control center

51
Q

Ventilatory threshold (Tvent)

A

Inflection point where Ventilation increases exponentially

52
Q

Is the pulmonary system a limitation during submaximal exercise in untrained subjects

A

No since Arterial PO2 is maintained within 10-12 mmHg of resting value

53
Q

Is the pulmonary system a limitation in highly trained elected endurance athletes during maximal exercise

A

Yes since there are mechanical limitations of the lung and the respiratory muscle will fatigue after 120 min at high intensity

54
Q

Exercise induced arterial hypothermia

A

40-50% of trained subjects experience due to large desaturation of oxygen in the arteries from the blood pumping too quickly and not able to perfuse with oxygen (reduced pulmonary capillary transit time)

Exercise Physiology (12 decks)

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