Exercise For Special Population

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Metabolic diseases characterized by the inability to produce enough insulin or use it properly

Question 2

Can exercise cause further hyperglycemia in untreated type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

No hypoglycemia is more likely

Question 3

What can occur if type 1 diabetes is not treated with proper amounts of insulin prior to exercise?

Answer 3

There will be an increase in plasma glucose; control of blood glucose prior to performance is very important

Question 4

What happens if insulin is low prior to exercise?

Answer 4

Increase in release in liver glucose but less glucose uptake by the muscle causing increase in blood glucose concentration

Question 5

What happens if insulin is high prior to exercise?

Answer 5

Lots of glucose uptake by the muscles that will decrease blood glucose concentration

Question 6

What is the main concern with type 1 diabetics exercising

Answer 6

Hypoglycemia

Question 7

When should type 1 diabetics avoid exercise

Answer 7

If fasting glucose is greater than 300 mg/dl

Question 8

When should type 1 diabetic ingest carbohydrates before physical activity

Answer 8

If glucose is less than 100 mg/dl

Question 9

How should insulin injected sites change depending on exercise?

Answer 9

Should be injected sweat from the working muscle to prevent increased rate of uptake and hypoglycemia

Question 10

What occurs in type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

Pancreas is not producing enough insulin

Question 11

What occurs in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

The pancreas is functioning properly, but there is a down regulation of insulin receptors due to increased glucose

Question 12

How does exercise help with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

It helps treat obesity, control blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance; helps treat cvd risk factors

Question 13

Why may you need to adjust medication dosages when sedentary become trained in type 2?

Answer 13

To prevent hypoglycemia during exercise

Question 14

What improves with exercise in type 2 diabetics

Answer 14

Improved insulin sensitivity with exercise

Question 15

Asthma

Answer 15

A respiratory problem characterized by shortness of breath and wheezing

Question 16

what causes asthma

Answer 16

Contraction of smooth muscle of airway; swelling of the mucosal cells and hypersecretion of mucus

Question 17

How is asthma diagnosed

Answer 17

Pulmonary function test measuring vital capacity and forced expiratory volume

Question 18

What is vital capacity?

Answer 18

Maximal volume of air expelled after maximum inhalation

Question 19

What is forced expiratory volume

Answer 19

Volume of air expired in second during maximal expiration

Question 20

What triggers asthma

Answer 20

Allergens, exercise stress causing plasma cells to make antibodies that attach to mast cells in bronchial lining releasing inflammatory mediators; vasoconstriction

Question 21

Exercise induced asthma

Answer 21

Caused by cooling and drying of the respiratory tract triggering the release of chemical mediators and narrowing the airway

Question 22

How do you prevent EIA

Answer 22

Warm up, perform short-duration, use face mask during exercise in cold conditions

Question 23

Treatment of EIA

Answer 23

Beta 2 agonist to prevent attack; inhaled do not improve performance; ingested can improve strength, power, anaerobic power and endurance

Question 24

What does the beta 2 agonist do to prevent asthma attacks

Answer 24

Causes relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation to increase airway size

Question 25

What is the physiological risks of hypertension

Answer 25

Damages the endothelium which predisposes the individual to atherosclerosis and other vascular pathologies

Question 26

How does hypertension lead to heart failure

Answer 26

Increased after load on the heart leading to left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 27

What nonpharmocological approaches can treat mild or borderline hypertension

Answer 27

Losing weight; eating and drinking healthy; stopping smoking; exercise!

Question 28

What type of exercise helps hypertension most

Answer 28

Moderate intensity primarily aerobic exercise supplemented by resistance exercise

Question 29

When does natural strength peak in women and men

Answer 29

20 in women and 20-30 in men

Question 30

What does the extent of muscular development in children depend on

Answer 30

Relative maturation of the nervous system

Question 31

What thermoregulation differences do children experience

Answer 31

Children have increased surface area to mass ratio therefore greater conductive heat loss/gain and less evaporative heat loss; slower heat acclimation

Question 32

What cardiovascular differences do children experience

Answer 32

They have a lower resting and submaximal blood pressure (due to body size); smaller hearts so lower peripheral resistance during exercise

Question 33

Heart rate in children

Answer 33

Higher hr almost compensated for lower stroke volume

Question 34

Why do children have lower stroke volume?

Answer 34

They have a smaller heart and lower blood volume

Question 35

How do children compensate for having a lower cardiac output?

Answer 35

They will have an increase (a-v)O2 difference

Question 36

What changes to cardiorespiratory system happen with age?

Answer 36

Greater delivery of O2 increasing absolute VO2 max.

Question 37

What happens to relative VO2 max as children age

Answer 37

Relative VO2 max is steady in boys but decreases with age in girls

Question 38

What happens to lung function with age?

Answer 38

Lung volume and peak flow rates increase with age

Question 39

Why is children’s economy worse than adults

Answer 39

They have a greater O2 consumption per kilogram due to biomechanics and anatomy; age helps with skills and stride

Question 40

Why does endurance running pace increase with age

Answer 40

Result of economy regardless of VO2 max changes and training status

Question 41

Why do children have limited anaerobic performance compared to adults

Answer 41

They have a lower glycolysis capacity in the muscle because of LESS MUSCLE so less muscle glycogen, less glycolytic enzyme activity and blood lactate being lower

Question 42

How to resting stores of ATP_PCr compare in adults in children

Answer 42

They have similar resting stores

Question 43

Why is strength training controversial for children

Answer 43

There are concerns regarding damage to articulate cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate and muscle tendon insertion

Question 44

What can avoid weight training damage in children

Answer 44

Proper technique

Question 45

How can strength training benefit children development?

Answer 45

Promote muscular strength and bone density

Question 46

What occurs in aerobic training in children

Answer 46

Improvements to VO2 max and performance increases due to improved running economy

Question 47

Anaerobic training in children leads to

Answer 47

Higher resting PCr, ATP, glycogen, PFK and maximal blood lactate

Question 48

Sudden cardiac death in young athletes

Answer 48

Due to congenital heart defects caused by abnormalities in heart rhythms not exercise

Question 49

How does the luteal phase in women affect exercise?

Answer 49

Thermoregulation is impaired

Question 50

What causes athletic amenorrhea

Answer 50

1. Amount of training 2. Psychological stress 3. Low energy availability

Question 51

Why would the body want to cease menstruation in these female athletes

Answer 51

In the state of low energy availability, the body will divert these resources to survival and reproduction

Question 52

What can cause osteoporosis in women

Answer 52

Estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea and inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders

Question 53

How can exercise be safe for pregnant women

Answer 53

Regular exercise can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia

Question 54

What happens to VO2 max during pregnancy

Answer 54

Absolute VO2 max is increased or maintained; can result in greater adaptations than training alone

Question 55

How much should you limit body temperature increases for pregnant women

Answer 55

Limit increase by < 1. 5 degrees Celsius

Question 56

What age does endurance performance start to decline

Answer 56

Around 60

Question 57

How does VO2 max change as you get old?

Answer 57

VO2 max declines around 1 % per year

Question 58

Can training help maintain VO2 max as you get old?

Answer 58

Training can slow VO2 max decline but not prevent it.

Question 59

Height changes with age

Answer 59

Height decreases around 35-40 years old due to disk degeneration, posture osteoporosis and osteopenia

Question 60

What on the physiological level causes a decrease in fat-free mass at age 40

Answer 60

Decrease in protein synthesis, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1

Question 61

What happens to muscles as you get old

Answer 61

Decrease in muscle size, number of fibers and greater reduction in type 2 fibers with aging

Question 62

Why would older adults see a greater reduction in type 2 muscle fibers compared to type 1 muscle fibers?

Answer 62

Older adults perform lower intensity so are more likely to lose type 2

Question 63

How can you prevent reflexes from slowing with age

Answer 63

Exercise preserves reflex response time

Question 64

How can you prevent motor unit activation from decreasing with age?

Answer 64

Exercise retains maximal recruitment of muscle

Question 65

Why does bone mineral content decrease with age?

Answer 65

Bone resorption is greater than bone synthesis due to lack of weight bearing exercise.