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Exercise Physiology > Exercise For Special Population > Flashcards

Exercise For Special Population Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic diseases characterized by the inability to produce enough insulin or use it properly

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2
Q

Can exercise cause further hyperglycemia in untreated type 1 diabetes

A

No hypoglycemia is more likely

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3
Q

What can occur if type 1 diabetes is not treated with proper amounts of insulin prior to exercise?

A

There will be an increase in plasma glucose; control of blood glucose prior to performance is very important

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4
Q

What happens if insulin is low prior to exercise?

A

Increase in release in liver glucose but less glucose uptake by the muscle causing increase in blood glucose concentration

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5
Q

What happens if insulin is high prior to exercise?

A

Lots of glucose uptake by the muscles that will decrease blood glucose concentration

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6
Q

What is the main concern with type 1 diabetics exercising

A

Hypoglycemia

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7
Q

When should type 1 diabetics avoid exercise

A

If fasting glucose is greater than 300 mg/dl

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8
Q

When should type 1 diabetic ingest carbohydrates before physical activity

A

If glucose is less than 100 mg/dl

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9
Q

How should insulin injected sites change depending on exercise?

A

Should be injected sweat from the working muscle to prevent increased rate of uptake and hypoglycemia

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10
Q

What occurs in type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas is not producing enough insulin

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11
Q

What occurs in type 2 diabetes?

A

The pancreas is functioning properly, but there is a down regulation of insulin receptors due to increased glucose

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12
Q

How does exercise help with type 2 diabetes?

A

It helps treat obesity, control blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance; helps treat cvd risk factors

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13
Q

Why may you need to adjust medication dosages when sedentary become trained in type 2?

A

To prevent hypoglycemia during exercise

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14
Q

What improves with exercise in type 2 diabetics

A

Improved insulin sensitivity with exercise

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15
Q

Asthma

A

A respiratory problem characterized by shortness of breath and wheezing

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16
Q

what causes asthma

A

Contraction of smooth muscle of airway; swelling of the mucosal cells and hypersecretion of mucus

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17
Q

How is asthma diagnosed

A

Pulmonary function test measuring vital capacity and forced expiratory volume

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18
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximal volume of air expelled after maximum inhalation

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19
Q

What is forced expiratory volume

A

Volume of air expired in second during maximal expiration

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20
Q

What triggers asthma

A

Allergens, exercise stress causing plasma cells to make antibodies that attach to mast cells in bronchial lining releasing inflammatory mediators; vasoconstriction

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21
Q

Exercise induced asthma

A

Caused by cooling and drying of the respiratory tract triggering the release of chemical mediators and narrowing the airway

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22
Q

How do you prevent EIA

A

Warm up, perform short-duration, use face mask during exercise in cold conditions

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23
Q

Treatment of EIA

A

Beta 2 agonist to prevent attack; inhaled do not improve performance; ingested can improve strength, power, anaerobic power and endurance

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24
Q

What does the beta 2 agonist do to prevent asthma attacks

A

Causes relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation to increase airway size

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25
Q

What is the physiological risks of hypertension

A

Damages the endothelium which predisposes the individual to atherosclerosis and other vascular pathologies

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26
Q

How does hypertension lead to heart failure

A

Increased after load on the heart leading to left ventricular hypertrophy

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27
Q

What nonpharmocological approaches can treat mild or borderline hypertension

A

Losing weight; eating and drinking healthy; stopping smoking; exercise!

28
Q

What type of exercise helps hypertension most

A

Moderate intensity primarily aerobic exercise supplemented by resistance exercise

29
Q

When does natural strength peak in women and men

A

20 in women and 20-30 in men

30
Q

What does the extent of muscular development in children depend on

A

Relative maturation of the nervous system

31
Q

What thermoregulation differences do children experience

A

Children have increased surface area to mass ratio therefore greater conductive heat loss/gain and less evaporative heat loss; slower heat acclimation

32
Q

What cardiovascular differences do children experience

A

They have a lower resting and submaximal blood pressure (due to body size); smaller hearts so lower peripheral resistance during exercise

33
Q

Heart rate in children

A

Higher hr almost compensated for lower stroke volume

34
Q

Why do children have lower stroke volume?

A

They have a smaller heart and lower blood volume

35
Q

How do children compensate for having a lower cardiac output?

A

They will have an increase (a-v)O2 difference

36
Q

What changes to cardiorespiratory system happen with age?

A

Greater delivery of O2 increasing absolute VO2 max.

37
Q

What happens to relative VO2 max as children age

A

Relative VO2 max is steady in boys but decreases with age in girls

38
Q

What happens to lung function with age?

A

Lung volume and peak flow rates increase with age

39
Q

Why is children’s economy worse than adults

A

They have a greater O2 consumption per kilogram due to biomechanics and anatomy; age helps with skills and stride

40
Q

Why does endurance running pace increase with age

A

Result of economy regardless of VO2 max changes and training status

41
Q

Why do children have limited anaerobic performance compared to adults

A

They have a lower glycolysis capacity in the muscle because of LESS MUSCLE so less muscle glycogen, less glycolytic enzyme activity and blood lactate being lower

42
Q

How to resting stores of ATP_PCr compare in adults in children

A

They have similar resting stores

43
Q

Why is strength training controversial for children

A

There are concerns regarding damage to articulate cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate and muscle tendon insertion

44
Q

What can avoid weight training damage in children

A

Proper technique

45
Q

How can strength training benefit children development?

A

Promote muscular strength and bone density

46
Q

What occurs in aerobic training in children

A

Improvements to VO2 max and performance increases due to improved running economy

47
Q

Anaerobic training in children leads to

A

Higher resting PCr, ATP, glycogen, PFK and maximal blood lactate

48
Q

Sudden cardiac death in young athletes

A

Due to congenital heart defects caused by abnormalities in heart rhythms not exercise

49
Q

How does the luteal phase in women affect exercise?

A

Thermoregulation is impaired

50
Q

What causes athletic amenorrhea

A
  1. Amount of training
  2. Psychological stress
  3. Low energy availability
51
Q

Why would the body want to cease menstruation in these female athletes

A

In the state of low energy availability, the body will divert these resources to survival and reproduction

52
Q

What can cause osteoporosis in women

A

Estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea and inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders

53
Q

How can exercise be safe for pregnant women

A

Regular exercise can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia

54
Q

What happens to VO2 max during pregnancy

A

Absolute VO2 max is increased or maintained; can result in greater adaptations than training alone

55
Q

How much should you limit body temperature increases for pregnant women

A

Limit increase by < 1. 5 degrees Celsius

56
Q

What age does endurance performance start to decline

A

Around 60

57
Q

How does VO2 max change as you get old?

A

VO2 max declines around 1 % per year

58
Q

Can training help maintain VO2 max as you get old?

A

Training can slow VO2 max decline but not prevent it.

59
Q

Height changes with age

A

Height decreases around 35-40 years old due to disk degeneration, posture osteoporosis and osteopenia

60
Q

What on the physiological level causes a decrease in fat-free mass at age 40

A

Decrease in protein synthesis, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1

61
Q

What happens to muscles as you get old

A

Decrease in muscle size, number of fibers and greater reduction in type 2 fibers with aging

62
Q

Why would older adults see a greater reduction in type 2 muscle fibers compared to type 1 muscle fibers?

A

Older adults perform lower intensity so are more likely to lose type 2

63
Q

How can you prevent reflexes from slowing with age

A

Exercise preserves reflex response time

64
Q

How can you prevent motor unit activation from decreasing with age?

A

Exercise retains maximal recruitment of muscle

65
Q

Why does bone mineral content decrease with age?

A

Bone resorption is greater than bone synthesis due to lack of weight bearing exercise.

Exercise Physiology (12 decks)

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