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Exercise Physiology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of Cardiorespiratory system

A
  1. Transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  2. removal of carbon dioxide wastes from tissues
  3. Regulation of body temperature
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2
Q

What is the distribution of blood flow during exercise?

A

Redistributes blood flow from inactive organs to active muscles

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3
Q

Right side of Pulmonary circuit

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins

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4
Q

Left side of the systematic circuit

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via arteries; returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart

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5
Q

Role of plasma

A

Circulates ion, proteins and hormones

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6
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen

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7
Q

White blood cells

A

Prevent infection

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood with red blood cells
Males 42%; females 38%

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10
Q

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

A

Pressure differences between two ends of the system

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11
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

A

Resistance

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12
Q

What is pressure proportional to?

A

Differences between MAP and right atrial pressure

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13
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation period where pressure in ventricles are low; filling with blood from the atria

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14
Q

When does diastole occur

A

When ventrical pressure is less than atrial pressure, the mitral and tricuspid AV valves will open

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase when pressure in the ventricles rises and blood is ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation

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16
Q

When does systole occur

A

When ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves will open

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17
Q

Cardiac cycle timing during rest

A

Diastole is longer than systole

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18
Q

Cardiac cycle during exercise

A

Both diastole and systole are shorter

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19
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute (hr x stroke volume)

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20
Q

What will increase stroke volume

A

Increased activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart

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21
Q

What will increase heart rate

A

Decreased activity of parasympathetic nerves to the heart

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22
Q

4 events of the cardiac cycle in order

A
  1. Ventricle filling; isovolumetic contraction; ventricle ejection; isovolumetic relaxation
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23
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Atrial contraction forces small amount of blood into the ventricles

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24
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change

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25
Ventricular ejection
As pressure increases, blood is ejected into the aorta
26
Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricles relax with no corresponding volume change
27
Stoke volume for untrained female at rest vs not
60 —> 90
28
Stoke volume for untrained male at rest vs not
70 —>110
29
Stoke volume for trained female at rest vs not
80 —> 125
30
Stoke volume for trained male at rest vs not
100 —> 180
31
How does the PNS decrease HR
Uses the Vagus nerve to slow HR by inhibition of the SA node and AV node
32
How does the SNS Increase HR
Using cardiac accelerator nerves, it increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node
33
How does acetylcholine decrease HR
Ach stimulates mAch receptors to decrease Ca2+ and increase K+ in the cell causing hyperpolarization not generating action potentials
34
How do catecholamnines increase HR
They stimulate beta 1 adrenergic receptors causing Ca2+ influx and depolarization leading to action potentials
35
What causes the initial increase in heart rate at onset of exercise?
Due to parasympathetic withdrawal up to 100 bpm
36
What causes increase of HR after initial onset occurs
Sympathetic nervous system outflow Increase of body temperature
37
What does a wide variation in resting heart rate indicate?
Healthy balance between SNS and PNS
38
What does a low variation in resting heart rate indicate?
Imbalance between autonomic regulation —> indicated cardiovascular dysfunction
39
How to increase Heart rate variation
Regular bouts of aerobic exercise results in increased Heart rate variation
40
What 3 factors regulate stroke volume
1. End diastolic volume 2. Average aortic blood pressure 3. Iontropy
41
End diastolic volume
(Preload) Volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole. Proportional to stroke volume
42
Decrease in preload
Less volume in ventricle and smaller stroke volume
43
Frank starling mechanism
Greater preload results in more forceful contraction to rid all blood in ventricle Increase in venous return
44
3 factors to increase venous return
1. Venoconstriction vis sns 2. Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions by the skeletal muscle pump 3. Thoracic pressure changes from the respiratory pump pull blood to the heart
45
What effects filling time
Heart rate and body position
46
average aortic blood pressure
(After load) pressure the ventricles must pump against to eject blood (mean arterial pressure)
47
Relationship between Stroke volume and after load
Inversely related. More after load means more pressure restriction decreasing stroke volume
48
Iontrophy
Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine cause direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart
49
Relationship between iontrophy and stroke volume
Greater iontrophy causes more contractibility and a more forceful contraction. Increase iontrophy will increase stroke volume.
50
Mean arterial pressure is the same as
After load
51
What 2 factors increase oxygen delivery?
1. Increasing cardiac output 2. redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
52
Relationship between VO2 and CO
Up to 40-60% of VO2 max is due to increasing HR and SV. Pasta 40-60 % is due to increased HR
53
Cardiac output blood flow at rest compared to max exercise
15-20 % of cardiac output to the muscle compared to 80-85% at maximal exercise
54
What organs is blood flow redistributed from
Liver, kidneys, GI tract
55
How does auto regulation increase blood flow to working muscles during exercise
Intrinic control of blood flow increases in local metabolites. Ultimately promote vasodilation to increase blood flow to working muscles
56
What happens to arterial venous O2 content during exercise
There is a higher arteriovenous difference. More oxygen uptake in the tissues and used for oxidative ATP production
57
Emotional influence on cardiac output
Increased SNS activity will increase pre-exercise HR and BP but wont increase peak HR or BP during exercise
58
When do Heart rate and co plateau
At 100% vo2 max
59
What is the blood pressure trend during graded exercise
Map increases linearly with systolic BP increasing and Diastolic BP remaining constant
60
Blood pressure in arms vs legs
For arms BP will be higher due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass
61
Heart rate in arms vs legs
In arms, heart rate will be higher due to sympathetic stimulation
62
Why arms have a higher BP and HR increase than legs
Vascular capacity is smaller in the arms than legs so there are less blood vessels but the same amount of blood being pumped to it increasing pressure
63
Cardiac output in prolonged exercise
CO is maintained
64
Stroke volume in prolonged exercise
Gradual decrease in SV. Influenced by dehydration and reduces plasma volume
65
Heart rate in prolonged exercise particularly in heat
Cardiovascular drift. Gradual increase in heart rate
66
Deeper breathing impact on cardiac output
Deeper breathing will improve venous return and increase stroke volume

Exercise Physiology (12 decks)

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