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Exercise Physiology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of Cardiorespiratory system

A
  1. Transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  2. removal of carbon dioxide wastes from tissues
  3. Regulation of body temperature
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2
Q

What is the distribution of blood flow during exercise?

A

Redistributes blood flow from inactive organs to active muscles

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3
Q

Right side of Pulmonary circuit

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins

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4
Q

Left side of the systematic circuit

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via arteries; returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart

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5
Q

Role of plasma

A

Circulates ion, proteins and hormones

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6
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen

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7
Q

White blood cells

A

Prevent infection

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood with red blood cells
Males 42%; females 38%

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10
Q

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

A

Pressure differences between two ends of the system

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11
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

A

Resistance

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12
Q

What is pressure proportional to?

A

Differences between MAP and right atrial pressure

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13
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation period where pressure in ventricles are low; filling with blood from the atria

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14
Q

When does diastole occur

A

When ventrical pressure is less than atrial pressure, the mitral and tricuspid AV valves will open

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase when pressure in the ventricles rises and blood is ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation

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16
Q

When does systole occur

A

When ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves will open

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17
Q

Cardiac cycle timing during rest

A

Diastole is longer than systole

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18
Q

Cardiac cycle during exercise

A

Both diastole and systole are shorter

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19
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute (hr x stroke volume)

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20
Q

What will increase stroke volume

A

Increased activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart

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21
Q

What will increase heart rate

A

Decreased activity of parasympathetic nerves to the heart

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22
Q

4 events of the cardiac cycle in order

A
  1. Ventricle filling; isovolumetic contraction; ventricle ejection; isovolumetic relaxation
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23
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Atrial contraction forces small amount of blood into the ventricles

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24
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change

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25
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

As pressure increases, blood is ejected into the aorta

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26
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricles relax with no corresponding volume change

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27
Q

Stoke volume for untrained female at rest vs not

A

60 —> 90

28
Q

Stoke volume for untrained male at rest vs not

A

70 —>110

29
Q

Stoke volume for trained female at rest vs not

A

80 —> 125

30
Q

Stoke volume for trained male at rest vs not

A

100 —> 180

31
Q

How does the PNS decrease HR

A

Uses the Vagus nerve to slow HR by inhibition of the SA node and AV node

32
Q

How does the SNS Increase HR

A

Using cardiac accelerator nerves, it increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node

33
Q

How does acetylcholine decrease HR

A

Ach stimulates mAch receptors to decrease Ca2+ and increase K+ in the cell causing hyperpolarization not generating action potentials

34
Q

How do catecholamnines increase HR

A

They stimulate beta 1 adrenergic receptors causing Ca2+ influx and depolarization leading to action potentials

35
Q

What causes the initial increase in heart rate at onset of exercise?

A

Due to parasympathetic withdrawal up to 100 bpm

36
Q

What causes increase of HR after initial onset occurs

A

Sympathetic nervous system outflow
Increase of body temperature

37
Q

What does a wide variation in resting heart rate indicate?

A

Healthy balance between SNS and PNS

38
Q

What does a low variation in resting heart rate indicate?

A

Imbalance between autonomic regulation —> indicated cardiovascular dysfunction

39
Q

How to increase Heart rate variation

A

Regular bouts of aerobic exercise results in increased Heart rate variation

40
Q

What 3 factors regulate stroke volume

A
  1. End diastolic volume
  2. Average aortic blood pressure
  3. Iontropy
41
Q

End diastolic volume

A

(Preload) Volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole. Proportional to stroke volume

42
Q

Decrease in preload

A

Less volume in ventricle and smaller stroke volume

43
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

Greater preload results in more forceful contraction to rid all blood in ventricle
Increase in venous return

44
Q

3 factors to increase venous return

A
  1. Venoconstriction vis sns
  2. Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions by the skeletal muscle pump
  3. Thoracic pressure changes from the respiratory pump pull blood to the heart
45
Q

What effects filling time

A

Heart rate and body position

46
Q

average aortic blood pressure

A

(After load) pressure the ventricles must pump against to eject blood (mean arterial pressure)

47
Q

Relationship between Stroke volume and after load

A

Inversely related. More after load means more pressure restriction decreasing stroke volume

48
Q

Iontrophy

A

Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine cause direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart

49
Q

Relationship between iontrophy and stroke volume

A

Greater iontrophy causes more contractibility and a more forceful contraction. Increase iontrophy will increase stroke volume.

50
Q

Mean arterial pressure is the same as

A

After load

51
Q

What 2 factors increase oxygen delivery?

A
  1. Increasing cardiac output
  2. redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
52
Q

Relationship between VO2 and CO

A

Up to 40-60% of VO2 max is due to increasing HR and SV. Pasta 40-60 % is due to increased HR

53
Q

Cardiac output blood flow at rest compared to max exercise

A

15-20 % of cardiac output to the muscle compared to 80-85% at maximal exercise

54
Q

What organs is blood flow redistributed from

A

Liver, kidneys, GI tract

55
Q

How does auto regulation increase blood flow to working muscles during exercise

A

Intrinic control of blood flow increases in local metabolites. Ultimately promote vasodilation to increase blood flow to working muscles

56
Q

What happens to arterial venous O2 content during exercise

A

There is a higher arteriovenous difference. More oxygen uptake in the tissues and used for oxidative ATP production

57
Q

Emotional influence on cardiac output

A

Increased SNS activity will increase pre-exercise HR and BP but wont increase peak HR or BP during exercise

58
Q

When do Heart rate and co plateau

A

At 100% vo2 max

59
Q

What is the blood pressure trend during graded exercise

A

Map increases linearly with systolic BP increasing and Diastolic BP remaining constant

60
Q

Blood pressure in arms vs legs

A

For arms BP will be higher due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass

61
Q

Heart rate in arms vs legs

A

In arms, heart rate will be higher due to sympathetic stimulation

62
Q

Why arms have a higher BP and HR increase than legs

A

Vascular capacity is smaller in the arms than legs so there are less blood vessels but the same amount of blood being pumped to it increasing pressure

63
Q

Cardiac output in prolonged exercise

A

CO is maintained

64
Q

Stroke volume in prolonged exercise

A

Gradual decrease in SV. Influenced by dehydration and reduces plasma volume

65
Q

Heart rate in prolonged exercise particularly in heat

A

Cardiovascular drift. Gradual increase in heart rate

66
Q

Deeper breathing impact on cardiac output

A

Deeper breathing will improve venous return and increase stroke volume

Exercise Physiology (12 decks)

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