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Human Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

TV

A

tidal volume, normal breathing

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2
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume, largest inhale

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3
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity, standard lung capacity

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4
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume, the amount of air you can push out further than your normal breath

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5
Q

RV

A

residual volume, the amount of air that does not leave your lungs, cannot be measured, 1.0 L

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6
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity

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7
Q

VC

A

vital capacity, largest possible inhale and exhale

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8
Q

EV

A

forced expiratory volume in one second, should be 80%

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9
Q

tidal volume (TV) equation

A

VC - ERV - IRV

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10
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) equation

A

VC - TV - ERV

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11
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC) equation

A

TV + IRV

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12
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) equation

A

VC - TV - IRV

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13
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC) equation

A

ERV + RV

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14
Q

vital capacity (VC) equation

A

TV + ERV + IRV

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15
Q

total lung capacity (TLC) equation

A

VC + RV

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16
Q

Va

A

aveolar ventilation (fresh air)

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17
Q

Vd

A

dead space (inspired dead air)

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18
Q

tidal volume (TV) equation II

A

Va + Vd

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19
Q

f

A

ventilation volume/min

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20
Q

Ve

A

total ventilation/min

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21
Q

total ventilation (Ve) equation

A

TV * f

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22
Q

aveolar ventilation (Va) equation

A

f (VT - Vd)

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23
Q

what does age do to spirometry?

A

FEV, can only expel 40%-60% within 1 second

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24
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

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25
Q

restrictive lung diseases

A

age, SIDS, pulmonary fibrosis

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26
Q

what does asthma/bronchitis do to spirometry?

A

higher RV, lower VC, and lower ERV

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27
Q

what do restrictive lung diseases do to spirometry?

A

RV normal
higher ERV
lower IRV
lower TLC
lower VC

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28
Q

what does SIDS do to spirometry?

A

lower IRV
higher ERV
lower TLC
lower VC
lower TV

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29
Q

general spirometry changes for restrictive lung diseases

A

lower TLC
lower VC
can’t inhale efficiently

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30
Q

what does exercise do for spirometry?

A

frequency of TV increases
increase in VC

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31
Q

what does gender do for spirometry?

A

generally males have larger lung volume than females

32
Q

general spirometry changes for obstructive lung disease

A

can’t exhale, same TLC

33
Q

carbonic anhydrase shift equation

A

CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3 <—> H+ and HCO3-

34
Q

what enzyme cataylizes the shift equation?

A

carbonic anhydrase

35
Q

what does decreasing the pH do in respiration?

A

lowers the carrying capacity of O2

36
Q

two components of pulmonary physiology

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. gas transport
37
Q

does O2 contribute to partial pressure when bound to hemoglobin?

A

no

38
Q

O2 solubility in fluids

A

poor, 0.3mL/100mL

39
Q

hemoglobin

A

binds four O2 molecules on a heme group

40
Q

what does hemoglobin bind on its polypeptide chains?

A

CO2

41
Q

how much does hemoglobin weigh?

A

64 kDa

42
Q

anemia

A

low iron

43
Q

HbO2

A

oxyhemoglobin

44
Q

HbCO2

A

carbinohemoglobin

45
Q

HbCO

A

carboxyhemoglobin

46
Q

CO binding to hemoglobin

A

competes for space with O2, stronger affinity for heme group

47
Q

how does hemoglobin decide O2 or CO2?

A

partial pressure

48
Q

how is O2 transported in the body?

A

1.5 % physically dissolved
98.5% as HbO2

49
Q

how is CO2 transported in the body?

A

10% physically dissolved
30% as HbCO2
60% as HCO3-

50
Q

Haldane Effect

A

reduced hemoglobin has higher affinity for CO2

51
Q

if there is a higher concentration of O2, Hb exhibits…

A

cooperativity

52
Q

gases will move down its

A

concentration diffusional gradient

53
Q

erythropoiesis

A

making more Hb over 3-4 days, higher blood viscosity

54
Q

nitrogen narcosis

A

depth intoxication

55
Q

at high pp (depth) gases can be _____.

A

toxic

56
Q

at low pp (altitude) gasses can cause _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

sickness, nausea, increased heart rate, and insomnia

57
Q

P50

A

when 50% of your Hb is saturated, normally 34mmHg

58
Q

dissociation of O2 as you go _______.

A

down

59
Q

association of O2 as you go _____.

A

up

60
Q

left Bohr shift

A

dumping O2 at lower pp (later), retaining O2 longer, and a smaller P50

61
Q

right Bohr shift

A

dumping O2 sooner, larger P50

62
Q

causes of a right Bohr shift

A

low pH
hypoventilation
high pp of CO2
increased temp
high 2,3-DPG

63
Q

causes of a left Bohr shift

A

high pH
low pp of CO2
lower temp
low 2,3-DPG
hyperventilation
blood transfusion

64
Q

conducting zone

A

nasal passages
pharynx
trachea
larynx
left/right bronchi
bronchioles

65
Q

true respiratory zone

A

alveoli, only location for true gas exchange

66
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2
P = 1/V

67
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm, external intercostals

68
Q

what nerve moves the inspiratory muscles?

A

phrenic nerve

69
Q

forced inhalation recruits

A

stemocleidomastoid and reses sternum

70
Q

inspiration is an _____ process

A

active

71
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

volume increased
pressure decreased
air goes down its pressure gradient

72
Q

forced exhalation does what?

A

pushes diaphragm higher, pulls ribs in tighter, and recruits accessory muscles

73
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

volume decreased
pressure increased
air goes down it’s pressure gradient

74
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

cover surface area

75
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

make surfactant
- allows for easy of opening

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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