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Human Physiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

primary foodstuffs

A

proteins, carbohydrates, fats

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2
Q

four major functions of the digestive tract

A
  1. motility
  2. secretion
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
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3
Q

motility movements

A

propulsion and mixing

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4
Q

what portions of the digestive tracts are skeletal muscles?

A

mouth and anal sphincter

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5
Q

what portion of the digestive tract is controlled by the sympathetic nerve? what does it do?

A

the first half, slows down food movement

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6
Q

what portion of the digestive tract is controlled by the parasympathetic nerve? what does it do?

A

the second half, it speeds up smooth muscle activity

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7
Q

secretion

A

energy demanding
- digestive juices and enzymes
- higher number of mitochondria

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8
Q

digestion

A

hydrolysis is used to break down into absorbable units
- splits chemical bonds of large nutritive material

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9
Q

absorption

A

transfer absorbable units, water, electrolytes, and vitamins into blood from the digestive lumen

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10
Q

mucosa

A

contains endocrine glands to release gastrointestinal hormones based on the content in the lumen

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11
Q

muscularis externa

A

longitudinal muscles
circular muscles

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12
Q

what portion of digestive anatomy drive movement of the muscularis externa?

A

submucosal plexus
mylenteris plexus

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13
Q

what makes up the mucosa?

A

serosa, laminar cells, muscular area and mucus

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14
Q

mesentery

A

the portion of digestive anatomy that holds the tract to the body wall

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15
Q

serosa

A

outer connective tissue covering the digestive tract, secretes a watery fluid called serous fluid

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16
Q

mucous membrane

A

an inner epithelial layer that serves as a protective surface

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17
Q

submucosa

A

a thick layer of connective tissue that provides the digestive tract with its distensibility and elasticity

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18
Q

submucosal plexus

A

lies within the submucosa, a nerve network

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19
Q

myenteric plexus

A

a nerve network, lies between the two muscle layers

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20
Q

what helps regulate gut activity?

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses, along with GI hormones, local chemical mediators

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21
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity
- tongue is base
- separate from nasal passages

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22
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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23
Q

yout tongue does what?

A

turns chemical signals into electrical ones

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24
Q

saliva contents

A

95.5% water
4.5% proteins and electrolytes

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25
Q

major salivary proteins

A

amylase, mucus, lysozymes

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26
Q

the mouth is the first location of ______ digestion

A

carbohydrate

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27
Q

other roles of saliva (5)

A
  1. mucous for lubrication
  2. lysozymes for killing bacteria
  3. taste
  4. speech
  5. carries HCO3- to neutralize food
28
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

29
Q

two stages of deglution

A
  1. oropharyngeal (1 second)
  2. esophageal (1-5 seconds)
30
Q

what happens during the oralpharyngeal stage of swallowing? (6)

A
  1. respiratory centers inhibited
  2. tongue moves to palate
  3. uvula elevated to prevent food from entering nasal passages
  4. vocal chords seal the glottis to prevent food into trachea
  5. epiglottis falls back on closed glottis
  6. pharyngoesophageal sphincter retracts to allow food to enter
31
Q

what happens during the esophageal stage of swallowing? (3)

A

peristalsis
- trigger vagus nerve to contract circular muscles
progressive movement of food

32
Q

gastroesophageal sphincter

A

connects stomach and esophagus
- underdeveloped/damage can cause heartburn or spitting up in infants

33
Q

fundus

A

top portion of the stomach
- thin muscles
- onythic mucosa
- contains air/gas
- above sphincter
- no food storage

34
Q

stomach body

A
  • food storage
  • thin muscle
  • oxyntic mucosa
  • feeble mixing
  • important for gastric filling
  • receptive relaxation
35
Q

receptive relaxation

A

rugae folds respond to chime in the stomach and unfold

36
Q

anthrum

A
  • thick muscle
  • strong peristaltic movements
  • lots of gastric mixing and emptying
  • retropulsion
  • secretes hormone gastrin
  • PGA = pyloric gland area
37
Q

four primary functions of the stomach

A
  1. store ingested food
  2. secrete HCl
  3. absorb intrinsic factor B
  4. start protein digestion
38
Q

retropulsion

A
  • stimulus triggers the BER on pacemaker cells in anthrum
  • increased AP frequency to increase gastric emptying
39
Q

stimuli on pacemaker cells in the anthrum (5)

A
  1. increase in chyme, distension, large amounts of fluid intake
  2. sadness/fear decrease motility
  3. pain inhibits gastric movement entirely
  4. anger/aggression increases gastric movement
  5. increase parasympathetic (vagus) to increase peristalsis
40
Q

four stimuli detected by the small intestine (stops)

A
  1. high amounts of fat
  2. high levels of acid
  3. hypertonicity - lots of units with digestive breakdown
  4. distension - too much chyme
41
Q

surface epithelial cells

A

secrete mucus and alkaline contents

42
Q

mucus neck cells

A
  • secrete mucus
  • pluripotent
  • regenerate entire stomach in 3 days
43
Q

parietal cells

A
  • secrete HCl
  • absorb intrinsic factor B12 for bone marrow
44
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

45
Q

what is pepsinogen cleaved by to make pepsin?

A

HCl

46
Q

what does pepsin do?

A

cleaves proteins to amino acids

47
Q

HCl roles

A
  • cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin
  • break down muscle and connective tissue
  • helps kill pathogens
48
Q

PGA

A

pyloric gland area

49
Q

gastrin

A
  • positively upregulates pepsinogen from chief cells
  • positively regulates HCl secretion
  • stimulates growth factor release to help regenerate stomach and small intestine
50
Q

six signals to increase gastrin

A
  1. protein in the stomach
  2. chewing/chemosensory transduction from tastebuds
  3. smell/taste
  4. caffeine
  5. alcohol
  6. distension of protein in the small intestine
51
Q

three signals to decrease gastrin

A
  1. when the body of the stomach begins to empty
  2. high acidity in the anthrum
  3. stops in the small intestine
52
Q

small intestine

A
  • site of most digestion and absorption
  • exclusive site of fat digestion
  • indiscriminately digests all food stuffs, 100% absorbed
  • iron/calcium uptake is adjusted to body needs
53
Q

five enzymes in the doudenum

A
  1. trypsinogen (trypsin)
  2. chymotrypsinogen (chymotrypsin)
  3. procarboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase)
  4. pancreatic lipase
  5. pancreatic amylase
    • 1, 2, 3 are for proteins
    • 4 is for fats
    • 5 is for carbos
54
Q

duct cells

A
  • secrete H2O, mucus, NaCl, no enzymes
55
Q

acinar cells

A

have zymogen granules with 3 different enzymes

56
Q

bile composition

A
  1. bile salts - allow formation of micelles
  2. cholesterol - can aggregate to form gallstones
  3. bilirubin
  4. lecithin
  5. NaHCO3 - balance acidity
  6. no digestive enzymes
57
Q

bilirubin

A

breaks down dead red blood cells/heme, can form gallstones, cause of jaundice

58
Q

bile salts are responsible for _____

A

emulsification

59
Q

four key parts of the small intestine

A
  1. segmentation
  2. brush border
  3. crypts of Lieberkühn
  4. absorption mechanisms
60
Q

segmentation of the small intestine

A
  • contraction of circular muscles that alternate to mix chyme with enzymes
    • not sweeping movement like peristalsis
  • differential moves food forward
    • 12 contractions/min —–> 9 contractions/min
61
Q

small intestine brush border

A

circular folds —> villus projections —> villi —> epithelial cells —> 5-6 thousand microvilli per epithelial cell

62
Q

apex of the brush border

A
  • shedding about 100 million cells a minute
  • cells here are the most enzymatically active, highest absorption, and most sensitive to radiation
63
Q

how long does it take cells to move from the crypt to apex of the brush border?

A

3 days

64
Q

what absorbs proteins and carbos in the brush border?

A

the capillaries

65
Q

what absorbs fats in the brush border?

A

lymphatic system

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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