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Human Physiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

primary foodstuffs

A

proteins, carbohydrates, fats

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2
Q

four major functions of the digestive tract

A
  1. motility
  2. secretion
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
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3
Q

motility movements

A

propulsion and mixing

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4
Q

what portions of the digestive tracts are skeletal muscles?

A

mouth and anal sphincter

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5
Q

what portion of the digestive tract is controlled by the sympathetic nerve? what does it do?

A

the first half, slows down food movement

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6
Q

what portion of the digestive tract is controlled by the parasympathetic nerve? what does it do?

A

the second half, it speeds up smooth muscle activity

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7
Q

secretion

A

energy demanding
- digestive juices and enzymes
- higher number of mitochondria

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8
Q

digestion

A

hydrolysis is used to break down into absorbable units
- splits chemical bonds of large nutritive material

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9
Q

absorption

A

transfer absorbable units, water, electrolytes, and vitamins into blood from the digestive lumen

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10
Q

mucosa

A

contains endocrine glands to release gastrointestinal hormones based on the content in the lumen

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11
Q

muscularis externa

A

longitudinal muscles
circular muscles

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12
Q

what portion of digestive anatomy drive movement of the muscularis externa?

A

submucosal plexus
mylenteris plexus

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13
Q

what makes up the mucosa?

A

serosa, laminar cells, muscular area and mucus

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14
Q

mesentery

A

the portion of digestive anatomy that holds the tract to the body wall

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15
Q

serosa

A

outer connective tissue covering the digestive tract, secretes a watery fluid called serous fluid

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16
Q

mucous membrane

A

an inner epithelial layer that serves as a protective surface

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17
Q

submucosa

A

a thick layer of connective tissue that provides the digestive tract with its distensibility and elasticity

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18
Q

submucosal plexus

A

lies within the submucosa, a nerve network

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19
Q

myenteric plexus

A

a nerve network, lies between the two muscle layers

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20
Q

what helps regulate gut activity?

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses, along with GI hormones, local chemical mediators

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21
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity
- tongue is base
- separate from nasal passages

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22
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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23
Q

yout tongue does what?

A

turns chemical signals into electrical ones

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24
Q

saliva contents

A

95.5% water
4.5% proteins and electrolytes

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25
major salivary proteins
amylase, mucus, lysozymes
26
the mouth is the first location of ______ digestion
carbohydrate
27
other roles of saliva (5)
1. mucous for lubrication 2. lysozymes for killing bacteria 3. taste 4. speech 5. carries HCO3- to neutralize food
28
deglutition
swallowing
29
two stages of deglution
1. oropharyngeal (1 second) 2. esophageal (1-5 seconds)
30
what happens during the oralpharyngeal stage of swallowing? (6)
1. respiratory centers inhibited 2. tongue moves to palate 3. uvula elevated to prevent food from entering nasal passages 4. vocal chords seal the glottis to prevent food into trachea 5. epiglottis falls back on closed glottis 6. pharyngoesophageal sphincter retracts to allow food to enter
31
what happens during the esophageal stage of swallowing? (3)
peristalsis - trigger vagus nerve to contract circular muscles progressive movement of food
32
gastroesophageal sphincter
connects stomach and esophagus - underdeveloped/damage can cause heartburn or spitting up in infants
33
fundus
top portion of the stomach - thin muscles - onythic mucosa - contains air/gas - above sphincter - no food storage
34
stomach body
- food storage - thin muscle - oxyntic mucosa - feeble mixing - important for gastric filling - receptive relaxation
35
receptive relaxation
rugae folds respond to chime in the stomach and unfold
36
anthrum
- thick muscle - strong peristaltic movements - lots of gastric mixing and emptying - retropulsion - secretes hormone gastrin - PGA = pyloric gland area
37
four primary functions of the stomach
1. store ingested food 2. secrete HCl 3. absorb intrinsic factor B 4. start protein digestion
38
retropulsion
- stimulus triggers the BER on pacemaker cells in anthrum - increased AP frequency to increase gastric emptying
39
stimuli on pacemaker cells in the anthrum (5)
1. increase in chyme, distension, large amounts of fluid intake 2. sadness/fear decrease motility 3. pain inhibits gastric movement entirely 4. anger/aggression increases gastric movement 5. increase parasympathetic (vagus) to increase peristalsis
40
four stimuli detected by the small intestine (stops)
1. high amounts of fat 2. high levels of acid 3. hypertonicity - lots of units with digestive breakdown 4. distension - too much chyme
41
surface epithelial cells
secrete mucus and alkaline contents
42
mucus neck cells
- secrete mucus - pluripotent - regenerate entire stomach in 3 days
43
parietal cells
- secrete HCl - absorb intrinsic factor B12 for bone marrow
44
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
45
what is pepsinogen cleaved by to make pepsin?
HCl
46
what does pepsin do?
cleaves proteins to amino acids
47
HCl roles
- cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin - break down muscle and connective tissue - helps kill pathogens
48
PGA
pyloric gland area
49
gastrin
- positively upregulates pepsinogen from chief cells - positively regulates HCl secretion - stimulates growth factor release to help regenerate stomach and small intestine
50
six signals to increase gastrin
1. protein in the stomach 2. chewing/chemosensory transduction from tastebuds 3. smell/taste 4. caffeine 5. alcohol 6. distension of protein in the small intestine
51
three signals to decrease gastrin
1. when the body of the stomach begins to empty 2. high acidity in the anthrum 3. stops in the small intestine
52
small intestine
- site of most digestion and absorption - exclusive site of fat digestion - indiscriminately digests all food stuffs, 100% absorbed - iron/calcium uptake is adjusted to body needs
53
five enzymes in the doudenum
1. trypsinogen (trypsin) 2. chymotrypsinogen (chymotrypsin) 3. procarboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase) 4. pancreatic lipase 5. pancreatic amylase - 1, 2, 3 are for proteins - 4 is for fats - 5 is for carbos
54
duct cells
- secrete H2O, mucus, NaCl, no enzymes
55
acinar cells
have zymogen granules with 3 different enzymes
56
bile composition
1. bile salts - allow formation of micelles 2. cholesterol - can aggregate to form gallstones 3. bilirubin 4. lecithin 5. NaHCO3 - balance acidity 6. no digestive enzymes
57
bilirubin
breaks down dead red blood cells/heme, can form gallstones, cause of jaundice
58
bile salts are responsible for _____
emulsification
59
four key parts of the small intestine
1. segmentation 2. brush border 3. crypts of Lieberkühn 4. absorption mechanisms
60
segmentation of the small intestine
- contraction of circular muscles that alternate to mix chyme with enzymes - not sweeping movement like peristalsis - differential moves food forward - 12 contractions/min -----> 9 contractions/min
61
small intestine brush border
circular folds ---> villus projections ---> villi ---> epithelial cells ---> 5-6 thousand microvilli per epithelial cell
62
apex of the brush border
- shedding about 100 million cells a minute - cells here are the most enzymatically active, highest absorption, and most sensitive to radiation
63
how long does it take cells to move from the crypt to apex of the brush border?
3 days
64
what absorbs proteins and carbos in the brush border?
the capillaries
65
what absorbs fats in the brush border?
lymphatic system

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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