Reproductive Flashcards
the reproductive tract does either…
- houses
- transports
- gamates
how is sex determined in physiology?
by which gametes are produced
epididymis
where sperm gain capacitance, and exit the testes
vas deferens
where sperm are stored
testes
site of spermatogenesis
seminal vesicle
- semen source
- contains fructose
- prostaglandins
bulbourethral glands
lubrication during sex
scrotum
temperature regulation (-2C for spermatogenesis)
prostate
clotting enzyme, alkaline secretion
penis/urethre
for sex act, deposits sperm
ovary
site of oogenesis, primary follicle development
fimbria
guide ovum into the uterine tube
ovaduct
- aka uterine tube
- fertilization in the first third
- peristalsis to move eggs
uterus
- site of implantation
- site of placental development
- parturition (giving birth)
vagina
- receptacle for penis
- site of sperm deposit
- passage for birth
clitoris
- same embryonic origin as penis
- allows for arousal
sertoli cells
- provide nutrients, support to developing sperm
- have fluid to flush sperm
- androgen binding protein for testosterone
acrosome
on the head of sperm
- has enzymes to digest egg protective layer
spermatogenesis
spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte (1)
- meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte (2)
- meiosis II
spermatid (4)
- differentiation
spermatozoa (4)
3 unique things about sperm production
- will continue throughout life as long as there is enough testosterone
- equal division of cytoplasm
- anatomical progression of development
how long does it take sperm to exit the testes?
64 days
prolactin does what for a female after birth?
cycles milk production with nursing intervals
the mechanistic process of breast feeding
mechanical stimulation (suckling) —–> release of oxytocin —–> “let down response” —–> milk moves from mammary glands to secondary tubules for feeding
how much iron is needed for both the female and the fetus?
375mg for the fetus
500mg for the female
distribution of female weight gain during pregnancy
7 lbs for the fetus
4 lbs for amniotic fluids/placenta
2 lbs for the uterus
2 lbs for the breast increase
3 lbs for the fat stores
6 lbs of blood
how does the fetus invoke contractions?
- fetal membrane releases prostaglandins
- stretch receptors in the cervix sense water break
how does estrogen prepare the uterus for parturition?
it will synthesize new gap junctions in the uterus for birth to allow for higher contractility
the placenta acts as what systems for the fetus?
- digestive
- respiratory
- kidney
- temporary endocrine - hCG
tubal pregnancy
when the fetus implants in the tubes
- hemorrhaging will kill the mother
- must be aborted to save her life
ectopic pregnancy
when the fetus implants in the abdominal cavity
- can occur, but very dangerous to carry
- SOMETIMES viable
syngamy
restoration of full chromosome number
how long is an ovum viable for?
24 hours
how long is sperm viable for?
48 hours
tenting
- uterus is raised upwards
- cervix is lifted
- vagins is enlarges, especially upper 2/3
sex flush
nipples become erect and breasts enlarge due to capillary filling
orgasm (female)
- no real ejaculation
- no refractory period for skeletal muscle contraction
- 0.8 sec contractions in the clitoris
zona pellucida
protective layer around an ovum
ejaculation
- sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle to bring sperm to the urethra
- bladder sphincter contracts
- filling of the urethra of sperm triggers skeletal muscle contractions in 0.8 sec intervals at the base of the penis
- increased pressure leads to expulsion of sperm and seamen out of the penis
how many sperm is considered fertile?
200-400 million
what number of sperm is considered infertile?
less than 200 million
NO second messenger pathways
NO —> increases cAMP and cGMP —> closes down Ca2+ channels —> causes a decrease in PK, less latch phenomenon —> causes relaxation and dilation
what breaks down cAMP and cGMP?
PDE
what medication inhibits PDE?
viagra
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
- from endocrine placenta
erection
- caused by the engorgement of blood
- sponge like vascular spaces that extend the length of the penis
- increase in parasympathetic and decrease in sympathetic at the same time
progesterone has negative feedback to what three things?
- LH
- FSH
- anterior pituitary
ovulation
estrogen stimulates LH, causing ovulation which in turn causes estrogen to plummet
hormonal regulation of a female
hypothalamus —> GnRH —> anterior pituitary —> LH —> ovary (ovulation)
- anterior pituitary —> FSH —> stimulates follicle cells to produce estrogen —> increase in LH
oogenesis/fertilization
oogonia -(mitosis in fetal life)-> primary oocyte -(years)-> mature follicle -(meiotic division)-> secondary oocyte -(FSH stimulates to rupture)-> ovulation -(sperm)-> second meiotic division -(1 hr)-> zygote
what forms the primary follicle?
granulosa cells
inhibin
can negatively act on the anterior pituitary to shut off FSH/LH production
male hormonal regulation: testosterone
- negative effect on the hypothalamus
- negative effect on anterior pituitary
- positive effect on sertoli cells
male hormonal regulation: sertoli cells
- release inhibin
- positively upregulates spermatogenesis
male hormonal regulation: hypothalamus
produced GnRH, which positively stimulates FSH and LH
male hormonal regulation: LH
positive upregulation of leydig cells
male hormonal regulation: FSH
positive upregulation of sertoli cells
sertoli cells
support cells, provide nutrition, secrete fluid to flush sperm, androgen binding proteins for testosterone
acrosome
has enzyme to digest egg protective layer
