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Human Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

the reproductive tract does either…

A
  1. houses
  2. transports
    • gamates
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2
Q

how is sex determined in physiology?

A

by which gametes are produced

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3
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm gain capacitance, and exit the testes

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4
Q

vas deferens

A

where sperm are stored

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5
Q

testes

A

site of spermatogenesis

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6
Q

seminal vesicle

A
  • semen source
  • contains fructose
  • prostaglandins
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7
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

lubrication during sex

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8
Q

scrotum

A

temperature regulation (-2C for spermatogenesis)

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9
Q

prostate

A

clotting enzyme, alkaline secretion

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10
Q

penis/urethre

A

for sex act, deposits sperm

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11
Q

ovary

A

site of oogenesis, primary follicle development

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12
Q

fimbria

A

guide ovum into the uterine tube

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13
Q

ovaduct

A
  • aka uterine tube
  • fertilization in the first third
  • peristalsis to move eggs
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14
Q

uterus

A
  • site of implantation
  • site of placental development
  • parturition (giving birth)
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15
Q

vagina

A
  • receptacle for penis
  • site of sperm deposit
  • passage for birth
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16
Q

clitoris

A
  • same embryonic origin as penis
  • allows for arousal
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17
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • provide nutrients, support to developing sperm
  • have fluid to flush sperm
  • androgen binding protein for testosterone
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18
Q

acrosome

A

on the head of sperm
- has enzymes to digest egg protective layer

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19
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte (1)
- meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte (2)
- meiosis II
spermatid (4)
- differentiation
spermatozoa (4)

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20
Q

3 unique things about sperm production

A
  1. will continue throughout life as long as there is enough testosterone
  2. equal division of cytoplasm
  3. anatomical progression of development
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21
Q

how long does it take sperm to exit the testes?

A

64 days

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22
Q

prolactin does what for a female after birth?

A

cycles milk production with nursing intervals

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23
Q

the mechanistic process of breast feeding

A

mechanical stimulation (suckling) —–> release of oxytocin —–> “let down response” —–> milk moves from mammary glands to secondary tubules for feeding

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24
Q

how much iron is needed for both the female and the fetus?

A

375mg for the fetus
500mg for the female

25
Q

distribution of female weight gain during pregnancy

A

7 lbs for the fetus
4 lbs for amniotic fluids/placenta
2 lbs for the uterus
2 lbs for the breast increase
3 lbs for the fat stores
6 lbs of blood

26
Q

how does the fetus invoke contractions?

A
  • fetal membrane releases prostaglandins
  • stretch receptors in the cervix sense water break
27
Q

how does estrogen prepare the uterus for parturition?

A

it will synthesize new gap junctions in the uterus for birth to allow for higher contractility

28
Q

the placenta acts as what systems for the fetus?

A
  1. digestive
  2. respiratory
  3. kidney
  4. temporary endocrine - hCG
29
Q

tubal pregnancy

A

when the fetus implants in the tubes
- hemorrhaging will kill the mother
- must be aborted to save her life

30
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when the fetus implants in the abdominal cavity
- can occur, but very dangerous to carry
- SOMETIMES viable

31
Q

syngamy

A

restoration of full chromosome number

32
Q

how long is an ovum viable for?

A

24 hours

33
Q

how long is sperm viable for?

A

48 hours

34
Q

tenting

A
  1. uterus is raised upwards
  2. cervix is lifted
  3. vagins is enlarges, especially upper 2/3
35
Q

sex flush

A

nipples become erect and breasts enlarge due to capillary filling

36
Q

orgasm (female)

A
  • no real ejaculation
  • no refractory period for skeletal muscle contraction
  • 0.8 sec contractions in the clitoris
37
Q

zona pellucida

A

protective layer around an ovum

38
Q

ejaculation

A
  • sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle to bring sperm to the urethra
  • bladder sphincter contracts
  • filling of the urethra of sperm triggers skeletal muscle contractions in 0.8 sec intervals at the base of the penis
  • increased pressure leads to expulsion of sperm and seamen out of the penis
39
Q

how many sperm is considered fertile?

A

200-400 million

40
Q

what number of sperm is considered infertile?

A

less than 200 million

41
Q

NO second messenger pathways

A

NO —> increases cAMP and cGMP —> closes down Ca2+ channels —> causes a decrease in PK, less latch phenomenon —> causes relaxation and dilation

42
Q

what breaks down cAMP and cGMP?

A

PDE

43
Q

what medication inhibits PDE?

A

viagra

44
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin
- from endocrine placenta

45
Q

erection

A
  • caused by the engorgement of blood
  • sponge like vascular spaces that extend the length of the penis
  • increase in parasympathetic and decrease in sympathetic at the same time
46
Q

progesterone has negative feedback to what three things?

A
  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. anterior pituitary
47
Q

ovulation

A

estrogen stimulates LH, causing ovulation which in turn causes estrogen to plummet

48
Q

hormonal regulation of a female

A

hypothalamus —> GnRH —> anterior pituitary —> LH —> ovary (ovulation)
- anterior pituitary —> FSH —> stimulates follicle cells to produce estrogen —> increase in LH

49
Q

oogenesis/fertilization

A

oogonia -(mitosis in fetal life)-> primary oocyte -(years)-> mature follicle -(meiotic division)-> secondary oocyte -(FSH stimulates to rupture)-> ovulation -(sperm)-> second meiotic division -(1 hr)-> zygote

50
Q

what forms the primary follicle?

A

granulosa cells

51
Q

inhibin

A

can negatively act on the anterior pituitary to shut off FSH/LH production

52
Q

male hormonal regulation: testosterone

A
  • negative effect on the hypothalamus
  • negative effect on anterior pituitary
  • positive effect on sertoli cells
53
Q

male hormonal regulation: sertoli cells

A
  • release inhibin
  • positively upregulates spermatogenesis
54
Q

male hormonal regulation: hypothalamus

A

produced GnRH, which positively stimulates FSH and LH

55
Q

male hormonal regulation: LH

A

positive upregulation of leydig cells

56
Q

male hormonal regulation: FSH

A

positive upregulation of sertoli cells

57
Q

sertoli cells

A

support cells, provide nutrition, secrete fluid to flush sperm, androgen binding proteins for testosterone

58
Q

acrosome

A

has enzyme to digest egg protective layer

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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