Exam One Study Questions Flashcards
(86 cards)
What is the major organizational plan of the body?
cells —> tissues —> organs —> systems
What are the four primary tissues?
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
Delineate between the three types of muscles.
Skeletal: voluntary, striated, myofibers. grated contractions, tendons and bones
Cardiac: involuntary, striated, intercalated disks, who heart contraction, heart
Smooth: involuntary, no striating, functional syncytium, whole contraction, digestive, lungs, blood vessels, reproduction
What is the substructure of the neuron?
Soma: cell body
Dendrites: receive signals
Axon: delivers signals
Nodes of Ranvier: spaces between myelin cells
Myelin sheaths
Axon hillock
Anatomical classifications of epithelial tissues and their two main functions are?
squamous epithelial: cheeks, capillaries, lungs
cuboidal: reproductive tract, kidney, pancreas
columnar/ciliated columnar: uterine tubes, reproduction, reproduction, respiratory cilia
Two primary functions:
(1) membranes: rigid, junctional complexes, basement membranes
(2) glands: exocrine and endocrine
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Proper - skin, space between cells
(a) loose: collagen fibers, spaces nerves/blood vessels
(b) dense: packed collagen, tendons move to bone
Cartilage - chondrocytes, precursor to bone
Bone - haversian system, osteoblasts
Blood - plasma
What is ICF?
Intracellular fluid, the fluid INSIDE CELLS
What is ECF?
Extracellular fluid, the fluid OUTSIDE CELLS, aka plasma and interstitial fluid
Plasma
part of the ECF, fluid portion of the blood
interstitial fluid
surrounds and bathes cells, part of the ECF
Organelles structure and function
See notes for full answer
How is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer important to physiological functions?
very important for the generation of electrical signals, it acts as a capacitor
allows for the formation of concentration gradients
protects cells from potentially harmful molecules
Identify the functions of specialized proteins in the latticework.
integral proteins: embedded in the lipid bilayer
transmembrane proteins: extend through the entire thickness of the membrane
peripheral proteins: polar molecules that do not penetrate the membrane, but instead stud the surface
Review of GENERAL principles of glycolysis, TCA, and electron transport chain.
Glycolysis: anaerobic, break down of glucose into pyruvate, net production of 2 ATP and 1 NADH
TCA: facilitates recycling pathways and nitrogen trafficking necessary for catabolism, also influences redox state and oxidative capacity
ETC: a series of redox reactions that relies on protein complexes to transfer electrons from a donor molecule to acceptor molecule (proton gradient to form ATP)
Cellular activities that require energy expenditure are?
Active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, synthesis of ATP
How does the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis demonstrate several classic physiological principles?
How are organic molecules classified?
What is the structure of protiens?
Long chains of amino acids forming peptide bonds
What is the major function of nucleic acids?
storage of genetic information
Review the genetic code, transcription, translation.
How are molecules transported across and through the membrane?
Multiple types of transport: active vs. passive
Assisted - carrier mediated, vesicular
Carrier Mediated - facilitated diffusion, active transport
Vesicular - endo and exocytosis
Passive - diffusion of small molecules unaided through the membrane
pinocytosis
non selective uptake of ECF
receptor mediated endocytosis
selective uptake of large molecules
phagocytosis
selective uptake of a multimolecular particle