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Human Physiology > Exam 2 Study Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Questions Flashcards

Contains cranial nerves, spinal cord, and cardiac units.

1
Q

cranial nerve 1

A

olfactory

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2
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

optic

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3
Q

cranial nerve 3

A

oculomotor: eye muscles, ciliary muscles, iris muscles

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4
Q

cranial nerve 4

A

trochlear: superior oblique, extrinsic eye muscle

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5
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal: sensory, face and head

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6
Q

cranial nerve 6

A

abducens: lateral rectus, extrinsic eye muscle

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7
Q

cranial nerve 7

A

facial: motor muscles of the face, salivary glands, tear glands, sensory like taste buds on anterior of the tongue

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8
Q

cranial nerve 8

A

vestibulocochlear: cochlea vestibule and semicircular canals of the inner ear

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9
Q

cranial nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal: motor muscles of the pharynx, taste buds on the posterior of tongue

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10
Q

cranial nerve 10

A

vagas: muscles of pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, sensory taste buds on tongue and pharynx, thoracic and abdominal organs

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11
Q

cranial nerve 11

A

accessory: muscles of the larynx, pharynx, soft palate, shoulder and neck

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12
Q

cranial nerve 11:

A

hypoglossal: tongue muscles

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13
Q

white matter

A

transmission of information from brain to body

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14
Q

grey matter

A

integrating reflex activity between afferent input and efferent output

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15
Q

polysynaptic

A

more than two neurons connected

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16
Q

monosynaptic

A

only two neurons, cannot be infringed on by the brain

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17
Q

What are the components of the reflex arc?

A

sensory receptor -(sensory neuron)-> spinal cord –> interneuron -(motor neuron)-> spinal cord –> skeletal muscle cell

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18
Q

How are muscles the contractile specialists of the body?

A

It allows for so many bodily functions including allowing bones to move, swallowing food, breathing, cardiac movements, movement of blood, shivering/heat production, etc.

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19
Q

whole muscle is called

A

organ

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20
Q

a muscle cell is called

A

a fiber

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21
Q

intracellular structures of muscle cells are called

A

myofibrils

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22
Q

cytoskeletal elements of muscle cells are called

A

thick and thin filaments

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23
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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24
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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25
Q

smallest functional unit of muscle cells

A

sarcomere

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26
Q

Z line

A

the rungs of the actin latter

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27
Q

M line

A

holds myosin in place

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28
Q

H band

A

distance between two actin filaments across a sarcomere

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29
Q

I band

A

light band, isotropic, actin

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30
Q

A band

A

dark band, anisotropic, myosin

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31
Q

2:1

A

actin:myosin

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32
Q

during a contraction..
_____ remain unchanged
_____ shorten

A

A band and M line remain unchanged
Z lines, H band, and the whole sarcomere shorten

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33
Q

sliding filament theory

A

thick and thin filaments for a cross-bridge, and together with ATP, create a power stroke to move Z bands together

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34
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

the series of events that link the action potential (excitation) of the muscle cell membrane to muscular contraction

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35
Q

actin structure

A

double stranded, globular protein
also contains tropomyosin and troponin

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36
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein that prevents myosin from binding to actin

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37
Q

troponin

A

regulatory, Ca2+ dependent protein attached to tropomyosin on an actin filament
in the presence of Ca2+, moves tropomyosin out of the way to allow for myosin to bind

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38
Q

myosin structure

A

six polypeptide subunits
90deg at rest, 45deg when ‘loaded’
hinge region for movement
insoluble tail region
head region containing an actin binding domain and a myosin ATPase binding domain

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39
Q

How is the role of Ca2+ different in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

A
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40
Q

Describe the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle.

A
  1. energized - no Ca2+, no cross-bridge, 90 deg angle
  2. binding - Ca2+ is present, cross-bridge can form, tropomyosin slides out of regulatory position
  3. power stroke - lowest free energy is 45deg, myosin bends taking actin with it, ADP and Pi fall off, if no more ATP = rigor
  4. detachment - ATP binding to myosin breaks the bridge, lowest free energy is 90deg,
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41
Q

components of a twitch

A

latency, contraction, relaxation

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42
Q

latency

A

period of excitation-contraction coupling

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43
Q

contraction

A

period during which cross-bridge formation and filaments sliding

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44
Q

relaxation

A

SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) and lateral sacs take up Ca2+, myosin returns to 90deg rest

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45
Q

one action potential =

A

one twitch

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46
Q

twitch explaination

A

not useful for work
response to single AP
subthreshold muscle response

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47
Q

tetany

A

smooth, sustained contraction
3-4x stronger than a twitch
increased frequency of cross-bridge cycles
steady [Ca2+] assists in smooth movement

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48
Q

summation

A

from multiple AP
similar to temporal summation of EPSP
increasing tension

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49
Q

three types of fatigue

A

cellular
neuromuscular
central/psychological

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50
Q

recovery

A

increased blood flow to increase O2 uptake
match O2 dept to ATP consumption

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51
Q

O2 debt equation

A

(energy consumed during activity) - (energy supplied by body)

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52
Q

small motor unit

A

refined, precision movements
1-12 fibers

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53
Q

large motor unit

A

coarse, powerful movements
increased tension
>2,000 fibers

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54
Q

muscle atrophy - exercise

A

increase glycogen stores
increases number of mitochondria
increases number of capillaries
hypertrophy of muscles

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55
Q

hypertrophy

A

building sarcomeres in parallel

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56
Q

muscle atrophy - immobility

A

terminal sarcomeres can die
hyperplasia
scar formation with death of sarcomeres

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57
Q

hyperplasia

A

development of new sarcomeres from stem cells (limited)

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58
Q

muscle atrophy - denervation

A

frequency of AP during development will drive formation of muscle type
electrical stimulation may slow atrophy

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59
Q

muscle atrophy - aging

A

30% of myofibrils become fat by age 80
automatic decrease in motor unit size, less tension
Ach synthesis

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60
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

single nucleus
spindle arrangement does not extend the length of muscle fibers, sheets
thin filaments are not actin, no troponin
third contractile protein = intermediate filaments
lacks myofibrils
not striated
no Z lines, bu modified dense bodies made of actinin
lacks T tubules

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61
Q

collagen fibers

A

rigid, limit organ volume

62
Q

elastin fibers

A

allows distension of organs/blood

63
Q

law of La Place

A

sigma (stress) = [P (wall pressure)* r (vessel radius)]/ w (width of smooth muscle)

64
Q

if width goes up…

A

stress goes down

65
Q

if radius gets smaller…

A

the stress also goes down

66
Q

two pools of Ca2+

A
  1. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - small
  2. voltage gated channels on the sarcolemma - large
67
Q

the Ca2+ gates can be opened by

A
  1. voltage
  2. neurotransmitter
  3. hormones
68
Q

IP3

A

a second messenger of smooth muscle

69
Q

calmodulin

A

structurally similar to troponin, Ca2+ binds to form a complex
inactive myosin protein complex is converted to its active form

70
Q

calmodulin phosphorylates…

A

myosin at a serine residue in the tail portion
only in the myosin of the smooth muscle

71
Q

in smooth muscle tropomyosin acts as…

A

a structural protein

72
Q

only in a ___________ state can smooth muscle achieve a cross-bridge

A

phosphorylated

73
Q

four locations/actions that require ATP

A
  1. pump Ca2+ back into the SR
  2. pump Ca2+ out of the cell into the ECF
  3. phosphorylate myosin tail
  4. bind to head of myosin during step 4
74
Q

smooth muscle is __________, slow when completing the cross bridge cycle

A

economically favorable

75
Q

latch phenomena

A

actin/myosin covalent linkage

76
Q

skeletal muscle cycle

A

2 ATP
100 ms

77
Q

smooth muscle cycle

A

4 ATP
3 sec

78
Q

self-generated electrical signals in two categories

A

multiunit and signal unit

79
Q

multiunit

A

multiple discrete units
each fiber contracts independently
not very much of it
neurogenic
involuntary
usually in large blood vessels

80
Q

single unit

A

excited and contact as a unit
single sheet
myogenic
found in hollow organs

81
Q

two types of single unit smooth muscle

A
  1. pacemaker activity
  2. slow wave potential
82
Q

pacemaker activity

A

membrane potential gradually reaches threshold
w/o nervous system
can be modulated

83
Q

slow wave activity

A

oscillating + drifting membrane potential
self induced
produces a train of AP
basal electrical rhythm

84
Q

three roles of a multicellular organism

A
  1. deliver glucose
  2. deliver O2
  3. remove waste
85
Q

three primary roles of human circulatory system

A
  1. transportation
  2. regulation
  3. protection
86
Q

tricuspid

A

right atria/right ventricle valve
open when ventricle is contracting

87
Q

pulmonary semilunar

A

right ventricle/pulmonary artery
open when ventricle is contracting

88
Q

mitral

A

left atrium/left ventricle
open when ventricle is relaxing

89
Q

aortic semilunar

A

left ventricle/aortic arch
open when ventricle is contracting

90
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood dispelled from the heart every beat

91
Q

cardiac output equation

A

cardiac output = (stroke volume)(cardiac rate)

92
Q

valves provide two main things

A
  1. one way blood flow
  2. regulated/control blood flow
93
Q

fetal circulation is achieved via…

A
  1. Faraman ovale
  2. ductus arteriosis
94
Q

faraman ovale

A

between two atrium, also observed between two ventricles

95
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

connection between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch

96
Q

cyanosis

A

septum defect between chambers

97
Q

_____ to _____ shunt

A

right, left

98
Q

neurogenic

A

driven by nerves in the ANS

99
Q

myogenic

A

produced from the muscle itself, self excitable

100
Q

two types of nerves innervate the heart

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

101
Q

parasympathetic nerve

A

vegas, conserves the energy of the body system, lowers bpm

102
Q

sympathetic nerve

A

sympathetic ganglion, prepares body for an emergency , fight/flight response, accelerates bpm

103
Q

systole

A

orderly contraction of the heart

104
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase of the cycle

105
Q

important implications of AP in the heart

A

maintenance of AP plateau is driven by Ca2+
absolute refractory period is extended
different channels that underlay the different AP in the myocardium in order to regulate

106
Q

two principles of action potentials

A

fast and slow response

107
Q

fast response

A

atria, ventricles, purkinje fibers
steep upsweep and large amplitude
L type Ca2+ channel, long lasting
cannot spontaneously depolarize

108
Q

slow response

A

SA and AV nodes
T type Ca2+ channel, transient but responsible for the upsweep
resting membrane potential is not stable
spontaneous depolarization
activated first !

109
Q

1-2 in heart beat graph

A

atria contracting

110
Q

2-3 heart beat graph

A

atria relaxes

111
Q

3-4 heart beat graph

A

ventricle is contracting

112
Q

4-5 heart beat graph

A

pressure is falling, ventricles relaxing

113
Q

S1

A

in line with 3, closure of tricuspid and mirtal

114
Q

S2

A

in line with 5, closure of pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar

115
Q

S3

A

ventricle vibrating in a child, heart disease in adults

116
Q

S4

A

normal, atria contract

117
Q

P wave

A

atria depolarization

118
Q

Q, R, S

A

two events
- ventricle depolarization
- repolarization of atria

119
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

120
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

blood regurgitates back through valves

121
Q

bradycardia

A

less than 60 bpm

122
Q

normal heart beat

A

75 bpm

123
Q

tachycardia

A

greater than 100 bpm

124
Q

ectopic pacemakers

A

cells outside of the SA node assume pacemaker activity

125
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

ectopic pacemaker activity explicitly in the ventricles causing them to beat separately from the atria

126
Q

flutter

A

200-300 bpm, regular rhythm but usually leads to fibrillation

127
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

the pumping action of atria steps; ventricles still pump 80% of the blood, can live for years w/o knowing

128
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

the pumping action of ventricles stops; only 20% of blood, only lives minutes

129
Q

how to fix atrial fibrillation

A

reestablish proper atria rhythm via drug therapy, increases refractory period

130
Q

how to fix ventricular fibrillation

A

reestablished via large shock to the heart causing complete refraction and hope the heart restarts

131
Q

normal P, Q, R, S time

A

0.12 to 0.2 seconds

132
Q

atrioventricular (AV) block

A

diagnosed by changes in the PQRS period

133
Q

1st degree AV block

A

> 0.2 seconds, too long

134
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

AV node damaged, and only 2/3 of the AP make it to the ventricle
multiple P waves w/o and associated QRS

135
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

no AP reach the ventricles, atria beat via SA node and ventricles beat via ectopic pacemakers; ventricle beat os irregular

136
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack, suppressed or irregular QRS, accompanied by reduced O2

137
Q

ischemia

A

low O2 environment, ST depression

138
Q

away from the heart

A

arteries, arterioles

139
Q

true gas exchange occurs in

A

capillaries

140
Q

back to the heart

A

veins, venuoles

141
Q

“metarteriole”

A

only in some vessels, provides pressure balance following the path of least resistance from artery to vein

142
Q

artery characteristics

A

very muscular, thick
have stretch receptors
100-110 mmHg pressure

143
Q

three tunics of arteries

A
  1. tunica externa (adventida)
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica interna
144
Q

capillary characteristics

A

ring muscles control precapillary sphincters
- hormonally and neurally controlled
relax = open bed (exercise)
close = contraction (thermoregulate)
gas exchange

145
Q

vein characteristics

A

not as muscular
30 mmHg pressure
assisted blood flow by skeletal muscle
has backwash valve

146
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein, carries cholesterol to all cells

147
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein, carries cholesterol to liver, bile, or degrade it

148
Q

thrombosis

A

accumulation of a lipid plaque

149
Q

embolism

A

moving thrombosis

150
Q

treatments for thrombosis

A

replace vessel with a bypass
angioplasty
blood thinners
stints
intravessel cementation

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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