Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Physiology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

three objectives of a multicellular organism

A
  1. deliver glucose
  2. deliver O2
  3. remove waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three primary roles of the human circulatory system

A
  1. transportations
    • respiratory, nutritive, excretory
  2. regulation
    • hormones, regulatory molecules
  3. protection
    • immunity, clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SVC

A

superior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RA

A

right atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PA

A

pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IVC

A

inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LA

A

left atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tricuspid

A

RA/RV valve
- opens when ventricle is relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pulmonary semilunar

A

RV/PA
- open when ventricle is contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mitral

A

LA/LV
- open when ventricle is relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

aortic semilunar

A

LV/AO
- open when ventricle is contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood dispelled from heart every beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cardiac output equation

A

cardiac output = (stroke volume)(cardiac rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the tendons holding valves to muscles called?

A

chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the muscles that open and close valves called?

A

papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

valves provide two main things

A
  1. one way blood flow
  2. regulated/controlled blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the two holes in a fetal heart?

A
  1. foramen ovale
  2. ductus arteriosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

foramen ovale

A

between two atrium, but has also been observed between two ventria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connection between the PA and aortic arches
- with the first breath, the increase of O2 stimulates the aortic arch to contract, pulling away from the PA and seals shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cyanosis

A

septum defect between chambers
- right to left shunt
- deO2 move to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

distribution of blood flow

A

veins: 67%
arteries: 11%
capillaries: 5%
heart: 5%
pulmonary circulation: 12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

blood movement through the heart

A
  1. enters from the SCV/IVC
  2. enters into the RA
  3. moves from the RA into the RV
  4. goes into the PA
  5. goes into the lungs for gas exchange
  6. moves into the PV
  7. enters the LA
  8. enters the LV
  9. moves to the aortic arch into the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
two types of nerves innervate the heart
1. parasympathetic: vegas, conserves the energy of the body system, slows bpm 2. sympathetic: sympathetic ganglion, prepares body for an emergency, flight/fight response, accelerates bpm
26
signal movement in the heart
1. sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves send signals to the sinoatrial node 2. sinoatrial node sends signals to the atrioventricular node via accelerator nerves 3. the atrioventricular node sends signals through the bundles of His to, purkinje fibers to the rest of the heart
27
systole
orderly contraction of the heart
28
diastole
relaxation phase of the heart cycle
29
maintenance of the action potentials is drive by _____.
Ca2+, calcium
30
what does calcium do to an action potential?
- extends the top plateau - extends the absolute refractory period
31
fast response AP
- atria, ventricles, purkinje fibers - steep upsweep and large amplitude - L type Ca2+ channels, long lasting - cannot spontaneously depolarize
32
slow response AP
- SA and VA nodes - T type Ca2+ channels, transient, responsible for upsweep - resting action potential is not stable - spontaneous depolarization ACTIVATED FIRST
33
S1 heart sound
- in line with 3 on graph of heartbeat - closure of tricuspid and mitral valves
34
S2 heart sound
- in line with 5 on the graph of heartbeat - closure of pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar
35
where can you listen to the S1 heart sound?
- 5th intercostal space, left of sternum - left 5th intercostal space, at heart apex
36
S3 heart sound
- ventricle is vibrating in child - heart disease in adults
37
S4 heart sound
normal, atria contraction
38
P wave
atria depolarizing
39
Q, R, S, waves
two events - ventricular depolarization - repolarization of atria
40
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
41
what is a heart murmmur?
blood regurgitates back through valves - defective heart valves - rheumatic fever endocarditis - mitral stenosis aka calcification of bicuspids
42
bradycardia
less than 60 bpm
43
tachycardia
greater than 100 bpm
44
ectopic pacemakers
cells outside the SA node assume pacemaker activity
45
ventricular tachycardia
ectopic pacemaker activity explicitly in the ventricles causing them to beat separately from the atria
46
flutter
200-300 bpm - regular rhythm but generally leads to fibrillation
47
atrial fibrillation
the pumping action of the atria stops, but the ventricles still pump 80% of the blood - can live for years without knowing - reestablishment can be done via drug therapy
48
ventricular fibrillation
the pumping action of the ventricles stop, only 20% of blood is pumping - only live minutes - must be shocked and hope the proper rhythm restores - 10-15% recover, need a pacemaker
49
a normal P-R rhythm takes...
0.12 to 0.2 seconds
50
atrioventricular block (AV)
changes in the P-R period
51
1st degree AV block
greater than 0.20 seconds between P and R, too long
52
2nd degree AV block
AV node becomes damaged and only 2/3 of the action potentials make it to the ventricle - multiple P waves without an associated QRS spectra
53
3rd degree AV block
no action potentials reach the ventricles from the atria, so the atria are beating by the SA node and the ventricles are beating via ectopic pacemaker activity (irregular) - only answer is an artificial pacemaker
54
myocardial infraction
heart attack - suppressed/irregular QRS accompanied by reduced O2
55
ischemia
low O2 environment - ST depression
56
formation of plaque is driven by...
cholesterol
57
HDL
high density lipoprotein - carries to the liver or degrade it GOOD
58
LDL
low density lipoprotein - carries cholesterol to all cells BAD
59
chances of coronary heart disease is inversely related to...
the concentration of HDL
60
when does HDL increase?
in pregnancy and breastfeeding, estrogen, exercise
61
when does HDL decrease?
smoking (nicotine)
62
thrombosis
accumulation of a lipid plaque
63
embolism
moving thrombosis
64
embolisms clogging a coronary vessel in the heart cause...
myocardial infarction
65
embolisms clogging vessels in the brain can cause...
cerebral thrombosis/embolism - cerebral vascular accident or stroke
66
treatments for a thrombosis/embolism
1. bypass 2. angioplasty 3. scape out plaque (don't do this lol) 4. blood thinners 5. intravessel cementation 6. stints
67
angioplasty
using a balloon to compact plaque to allow blood flow to be restored

Human Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions