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Human Physiology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

three objectives of a multicellular organism

A
  1. deliver glucose
  2. deliver O2
  3. remove waste
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2
Q

three primary roles of the human circulatory system

A
  1. transportations
    • respiratory, nutritive, excretory
  2. regulation
    • hormones, regulatory molecules
  3. protection
    • immunity, clotting
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3
Q

SVC

A

superior vena cava

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4
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

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5
Q

RA

A

right atria

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6
Q

PA

A

pulmonary artery

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7
Q

IVC

A

inferior vena cava

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8
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

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9
Q

LA

A

left atria

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10
Q

tricuspid

A

RA/RV valve
- opens when ventricle is relaxing

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11
Q

pulmonary semilunar

A

RV/PA
- open when ventricle is contracting

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12
Q

mitral

A

LA/LV
- open when ventricle is relaxing

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13
Q

aortic semilunar

A

LV/AO
- open when ventricle is contracting

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14
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood dispelled from heart every beat

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15
Q

cardiac output equation

A

cardiac output = (stroke volume)(cardiac rate)

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16
Q

what are the tendons holding valves to muscles called?

A

chordae tendineae

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17
Q

what are the muscles that open and close valves called?

A

papillary muscles

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18
Q

valves provide two main things

A
  1. one way blood flow
  2. regulated/controlled blood flow
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19
Q

what are the two holes in a fetal heart?

A
  1. foramen ovale
  2. ductus arteriosus
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20
Q

foramen ovale

A

between two atrium, but has also been observed between two ventria

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21
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connection between the PA and aortic arches
- with the first breath, the increase of O2 stimulates the aortic arch to contract, pulling away from the PA and seals shut

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22
Q

cyanosis

A

septum defect between chambers
- right to left shunt
- deO2 move to O2

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23
Q

distribution of blood flow

A

veins: 67%
arteries: 11%
capillaries: 5%
heart: 5%
pulmonary circulation: 12%

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24
Q

blood movement through the heart

A
  1. enters from the SCV/IVC
  2. enters into the RA
  3. moves from the RA into the RV
  4. goes into the PA
  5. goes into the lungs for gas exchange
  6. moves into the PV
  7. enters the LA
  8. enters the LV
  9. moves to the aortic arch into the body
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25
Q

two types of nerves innervate the heart

A
  1. parasympathetic: vegas, conserves the energy of the body system, slows bpm
  2. sympathetic: sympathetic ganglion, prepares body for an emergency, flight/fight response, accelerates bpm
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26
Q

signal movement in the heart

A
  1. sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves send signals to the sinoatrial node
  2. sinoatrial node sends signals to the atrioventricular node via accelerator nerves
  3. the atrioventricular node sends signals through the bundles of His to, purkinje fibers to the rest of the heart
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27
Q

systole

A

orderly contraction of the heart

28
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase of the heart cycle

29
Q

maintenance of the action potentials is drive by _____.

A

Ca2+, calcium

30
Q

what does calcium do to an action potential?

A
  • extends the top plateau
  • extends the absolute refractory period
31
Q

fast response AP

A
  • atria, ventricles, purkinje fibers
  • steep upsweep and large amplitude
  • L type Ca2+ channels, long lasting
  • cannot spontaneously depolarize
32
Q

slow response AP

A
  • SA and VA nodes
  • T type Ca2+ channels, transient, responsible for upsweep
  • resting action potential is not stable
  • spontaneous depolarization
    ACTIVATED FIRST
33
Q

S1 heart sound

A
  • in line with 3 on graph of heartbeat
  • closure of tricuspid and mitral valves
34
Q

S2 heart sound

A
  • in line with 5 on the graph of heartbeat
  • closure of pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar
35
Q

where can you listen to the S1 heart sound?

A
  • 5th intercostal space, left of sternum
  • left 5th intercostal space, at heart apex
36
Q

S3 heart sound

A
  • ventricle is vibrating in child
  • heart disease in adults
37
Q

S4 heart sound

A

normal, atria contraction

38
Q

P wave

A

atria depolarizing

39
Q

Q, R, S, waves

A

two events
- ventricular depolarization
- repolarization of atria

40
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

41
Q

what is a heart murmmur?

A

blood regurgitates back through valves
- defective heart valves
- rheumatic fever endocarditis
- mitral stenosis aka calcification of bicuspids

42
Q

bradycardia

A

less than 60 bpm

43
Q

tachycardia

A

greater than 100 bpm

44
Q

ectopic pacemakers

A

cells outside the SA node assume pacemaker activity

45
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

ectopic pacemaker activity explicitly in the ventricles causing them to beat separately from the atria

46
Q

flutter

A

200-300 bpm
- regular rhythm but generally leads to fibrillation

47
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

the pumping action of the atria stops, but the ventricles still pump 80% of the blood
- can live for years without knowing
- reestablishment can be done via drug therapy

48
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

the pumping action of the ventricles stop, only 20% of blood is pumping
- only live minutes
- must be shocked and hope the proper rhythm restores
- 10-15% recover, need a pacemaker

49
Q

a normal P-R rhythm takes…

A

0.12 to 0.2 seconds

50
Q

atrioventricular block (AV)

A

changes in the P-R period

51
Q

1st degree AV block

A

greater than 0.20 seconds between P and R, too long

52
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

AV node becomes damaged and only 2/3 of the action potentials make it to the ventricle
- multiple P waves without an associated QRS spectra

53
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

no action potentials reach the ventricles from the atria, so the atria are beating by the SA node and the ventricles are beating via ectopic pacemaker activity (irregular)
- only answer is an artificial pacemaker

54
Q

myocardial infraction

A

heart attack
- suppressed/irregular QRS accompanied by reduced O2

55
Q

ischemia

A

low O2 environment
- ST depression

56
Q

formation of plaque is driven by…

A

cholesterol

57
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein
- carries to the liver or degrade it
GOOD

58
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein
- carries cholesterol to all cells
BAD

59
Q

chances of coronary heart disease is inversely related to…

A

the concentration of HDL

60
Q

when does HDL increase?

A

in pregnancy and breastfeeding, estrogen, exercise

61
Q

when does HDL decrease?

A

smoking (nicotine)

62
Q

thrombosis

A

accumulation of a lipid plaque

63
Q

embolism

A

moving thrombosis

64
Q

embolisms clogging a coronary vessel in the heart cause…

A

myocardial infarction

65
Q

embolisms clogging vessels in the brain can cause…

A

cerebral thrombosis/embolism
- cerebral vascular accident or stroke

66
Q

treatments for a thrombosis/embolism

A
  1. bypass
  2. angioplasty
  3. scape out plaque (don’t do this lol)
  4. blood thinners
  5. intravessel cementation
  6. stints
67
Q

angioplasty

A

using a balloon to compact plaque to allow blood flow to be restored

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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