Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REVISION > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lungs do?

A
  • brings in fresh air rich with oxygen
  • expels waste gases produced in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do the upper airways conduct blood do?

A

lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of upper airways carrying blood to lung?

A

humidify
warm
filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what epithelium are upper airways lined with?

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what epithelium are upper airways lined with?

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are goblet cells found in the respiratory tract and what is their purpose?

A

sit between epithelial layers and produce mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are inhaled particles stopped from entering the respiratory?

A

stick to mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is mucous in the upper airways moved towards the mouth?

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what level of breathing is required in healthy lungs?

A

low level with small muscle effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is high intensity breathing less efficient?

A

as the air is turbulent therefor more muscles used and the muscles fatigue more easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does respiratory muscle fatigue lead to?

A

respiratory muscle failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

at rest what is the partial pressure of oxygen in a healthy individual?

A

100 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

at rest what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a healthy individual?

A

40 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

during rest what is the amount of o2 and co2 exchanged?

A

250ml o2
200ml co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

during walking what is the amount of 02 and co2 exchanged?

A

800ml o2
200ml co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during excerise what is the amount of 02 and co2 exchanged?

A

5000ml o2
6000ml co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the volume of ventilation at rest?

A

6-7 litres per min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

during quiet breathing is inspiration and expiration passive or active?

A

inspiration = active
expiration = passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

during strenuous breathing is inspiration and expiration passive or active?

A

inspiration = active
expiration = active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in inspiration during quiet breathing?

A

diaphragm contracts down pushing abdominal contents out
and external intercostals pull ribs out and up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in expiration during quiet breathing?

A

elastic recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens in inspiration during strenuous breathing?

A

diaphragm and intercostals contract more
- inspiratory accessory muscles are activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

give 2 examples of inspiratory accessory muscles?

A

sternocleidomastoid and alae nasi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in expiration during strenuos breathing?

A

contraction of abdominal muscles
and internal intercostals oppose external by pulling ribs in and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what makes the inspiratory capacity?

A

tital volume + inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the vital capacity?

A

huge breath in then breathe it all out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the functional residual capacity?

A

volume left after a normal breathe out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

after taking a breath in, breath in even more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is tissue respiration?

A

aerobic metabolism in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure?

A

pressure in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the intraplural pressure?

A

pressure between the lungs and the chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the tidal volume? + value

A

volume change in lung when breath taken in
usually 1/2 litre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the barometric pressure?

A

pressure outside the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the transpulmonary pressure?

A

difference between the pressure inside the lung and pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does elastic recoil force the lung to do?

A

breath out
- decrease lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does outward recoil force the lung to do?

A

take breath in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

at FRC what is the ratio of outward and elastic recoil?

A

equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

at function residual capacity what is the state of the lung?

A

relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what happens to the FRC when chest wall is weak?

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when chest wall muscles are weak what happens to the elastic recoil?

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what effect would neuromuscular disease have on the chest walls?

A

makes them weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

breathing out the FRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

at the beginning of inspiration Pa (alveolar pressure) is what and why?

A

0 because there is no flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what happens when the muscles contract during inspiration?

A

pleural and alveolar pressures decrease
glottis opens
air flows into the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the pressure gradient of air flowing into the lung?

A

high to low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

when does flow into the lung stop?

A

when atmospheric and alveolar pressure is equal
glottis closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the barometric pressure and alveolar pressure at the start of inspiration?

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what happens to the thoracic volume at the beginning of expiration?

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the ratio of aveolar pressure and barometric pressure during expiration?

A

Pa > Pb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the sum of partial pressures =

A

total pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the equation for partial pressure in the mouth?

A

fraction of gas in the mixture X barometric pressure
Gas X Pb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

where does the pulmonary circulation bring blood from and to?

A

deoxy blood from heart to lungs
oxygen blood from lungs to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the pressure of blood in pulmonary circulation?

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where does bronchial circulation carry blood from and to?

A

oxygen blood to lung parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is the function of the bronchial artery?

A

provides blood to lung to allow cells and tissues to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the function of the lymphatics system?

A

defence and removal of lymph fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how much blood does the pulmonary circulation contain?

A

500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the 2 parts of the respiratory tree?

A

conducting airways and the respiratory airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

as airways branch, what happens to the bronchioles?

A

they get a smaller diameter and more numerous to cover a larger surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

where do bronchioles carry o2 to?

A

alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how much blood is in the conducting airways?

A

150ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

how much blood is in the respiratory airway?

A

2500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what airway does gas exchange occur?

A

respiratory airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the purpose of the conducting airways?

A

carry air to the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what is the alveolar dead space? what % of air is found here?

A

conducting airways 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what type of epithelium is majority of the alveoli covered by? %

A

type 1 97%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what type of epithelium is present where gas exchange occurs?

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is the function of type 2 epithelium in the alveoli?

A

produce pulmonary surfactant to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what are the cells called that are covered by type 2 epithelium in the alveoli?

A

septal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do?

A

reduce debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

why are the alveoli great for gas exchange?

A

they have thin walls
large surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

where is the alveolar capillary network found? how thick is it?

A

between alveolar air space and RBC
1-2um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is between the endothelium and alveolar epithelium in a capillary?
how thick is this layer

A

endothelial cells and basal lamina 0.5um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how quickly do RBCs pass through a capillary?

A

<1 second

75
Q

at rest how much blood is in the alveolar capillary network?

A

75ml

76
Q

during exercise how much blood is in the alveolar capillary network?

A

150-200ml

77
Q

why does the amount of blood in the alveolar capillary network increase during exercise?

A

as new capillaries are recruited to deal with the increased pressure and flow

78
Q

give features of pulmonary arteries that make them different to other arteries ?

A

thin walls
arge diameter
low resistance

79
Q

in pulmonary circulation what is the flow of o2 and co2?

A

o2 enter
co2 leaves

80
Q

in the systemic circulation what is the flow of o2 and co2?

A

co2 enters and o2 leaves to go to tissues

81
Q

why do similar volumes of o2 and co2 move each minute even though there is les co2?

A

co2 is more diffusable

82
Q

what are the 2 forms of oxygen transport?

A

dissolved o2
and o2 bound to haemoglobin

83
Q

what is the most effective way of oxygen transport?

A

bound to hg

84
Q

how much dissolved o2 is transported per minute?

A

15ml

85
Q

describe a haemoglobin molecule?

A

2 alpha chains
2 beta chain
and 4 haem groups

86
Q

where does o2 bind on a haemoglobin molecule?

A

fe2+ on the haemorrhage groups

87
Q

how many molecules of o2 can 1 haemoglobin bind?

A

4

88
Q

what effect does a drop in partial pressure below 60mmhg have on o2 binding hg?

A

o2 begins to release from hg into tissue

89
Q

what environmental factors effect o2 binding to hg?

A

temp and ph

90
Q

1g of hg binds with how many ml of o2?

A

1.39

91
Q

what is the total o2 carrying capacity in blood

A

211ml per litre of blood

92
Q

how do you measure the oxygen saturation?

A

pulse oximeter

93
Q

how does a pulse oximeter work?

A

measure the ratio of absorption of red and infrared light to oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

94
Q

what happens after co2 diffuses into a RBC?

A

converted to carbonic acid and dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

95
Q

what does a chloride pump do when co2 diffuses into RBCs?

A

bicarbonate moves out and is replaced by chlorine

96
Q

how are the hydrogen ions removed after a co2 diffuses into a RBS?

A

buffers

97
Q

how do you regulate the acidity of blood?

A

use ventilation to adjust the partial pressure of co2
use kidney to regulate the bicarbonate concentration

98
Q

Henderson hasselbach equation????

A
99
Q

during respiration where does the brain receive neural signals from?

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

100
Q

what do chemoreceptors provide to the brain in respiration?

A

partial pressure of o2 co2 and ph of blood

101
Q

what do mechanoreceptors provide the brain in respiration?

A

feedback on mechanical status on lung, chest wall and airways

102
Q

after the brain receives neural signals where does it send the signals to?

A

upper airways and respiratory muscles

103
Q

what do the respiratory muscles do after receiving neural signals from the brain?

A

rhythmic breathing

104
Q

what do the upper airways do after receiving neural signals from the brain?

A

provide reflexes to keep airways clear

105
Q

what are chemoreceptors in terms of respiration?

A

sensory receptors that detect chemical changes in environment

106
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

not enough o2 to maintain homeostasis and carry out metabolic function

107
Q

what is the Po2 in hypoxia?

A

<60mmhg

108
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

too much co2 in the blood

109
Q

what is the Pco2 in hypercapnia?

A

> 40mmg

110
Q

what is hypocapnia?

A

decreased co2 in the blood

111
Q

what is the Pco2 in hypocapnia?

A

<35mmhg

112
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

aortic arch
carotid sinus

113
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors send their information and to where ?

A

via glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to nucleus in the brainstem

114
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia?

A
  • stimulated
  • send neural signals to NTS
  • increase ventilation
115
Q

what happens if peripheral chemoreceptors detect Po2 below 60mmhg?

A

hyperventilation

116
Q

what effect do small changes in co2 have on ventilation?

A

large effect

117
Q

what is the NTS?

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

118
Q

where is the NTS found in the brainstem?

A

dorsal medulla

119
Q

when are central chemoreceptors activated?

A

hypercapnia

120
Q

how to central chemoreceptors respond to hypercapnia?

A
  • activated
  • pass info to neuronal clusters in brainstem
  • increase ventilation
121
Q

what is the motor homunculus?

A

areas of motor cortex for muscle is proportional to the number of motor neurons innervating that muscle

122
Q

what do inputs from the upper brain do? (cerebral cortex)

A

volitional and emotional breathing

123
Q

what are mechanical receptors in terms of respiration?

A

sensory receptors that detect pressure, movement and touch change

124
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do when the lung inflates?

A
  • activate
  • send signals along vagus nerve to NTS
  • adjust ventilation
125
Q

where are mechanoreceptors found in the upper airways?

A
  1. airway smooth muscle
  2. airway epithelium
126
Q

what is the reflex of mechanoreceptors in the airway smooth muscle when the lung inflates?

A

terminates the inspiration

127
Q

what is the reflex of mechanoreceptors in the airway epithelium when there is rapid lung inflation or oedema?

A

sigh or a short expiration

128
Q

what is oedema in the respiratory system?

A

build up of fluid in the lungs

129
Q

what neurons are found in the ventral respiratory groups?

A

rhythm generating neurons
pattern generating neurons

130
Q

what is found in the dorsal respiratory groups?

A

NTS and neurons that get input form chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

131
Q

what is perfusion?

A

process of deoxygenated blood moving through lung to become oxygenated

132
Q

what does the VQ relationship determine?

A

Po2
Pco2
gas exchange

133
Q

what is the physiological dead space?

A

volume of gas in each inspiration that doesn’t do gas exchange

134
Q

how does gravity influence the pulmonary blood flow when standing upright?

A

greater blood flow to the apex of the lung than the base

135
Q

what is the distribution of ventilation in the alveoli when standing upright?

A

alveoli in the apex more spread out than in the base so more blood to apex

136
Q

what way does gravity pull the lung?

A

down and away from the chest wall

137
Q

what is the pleural pressure like at the apex compared to base?

A

more negative

138
Q

what is the transpulmonary pressure like at the apex compared to base?

A

greater

139
Q

what is the alveolar pressure like at the apex compared to the base?

A

greater

140
Q

what is an anatomical shunt?

A

mixed venous blood shunted into arterial blood

141
Q

what is an shunt in the lung?

A

pulmonary artery blood shunted into pulmonary vein

142
Q

what happens to the alveolar ventilation during a shunt in the lung?

A

stays the same

143
Q

what happens to the distribution of blood flow during a shunt in the lung?

A

changes

144
Q

what happens to the Po2 during a shunt in the lung?

A

varies depending on size of shunt

145
Q

what is a right to left shunt?

A

blood shunted from the RA/V across the septum to the LA/V

146
Q

what does a right to left shunt result in?

A

hypoxemia

147
Q

what is hypoxemia?

A

levels of oxygen in the blood below normal

148
Q

in a right to left shunt why is co2 not increased?

A

chemoreceptors increase ventilation to reduce it

149
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

how much effort required to stretch lungs and chest wall

150
Q

if compliance increase how easily does the chest and lung walls stretch?

A

more easily

151
Q

if compliance decreases how easily does the chest and lung wall stretch?

A

less easily

152
Q

decreased compliance is a feature of many pulmonary conditions such as?

A

tuberculosis - scaring of the lung tissue
oedema - lungs filled with fluid
emphysema - destruction of elastic fibres
deficiency in surfactant produced

153
Q

what conditions would increased resistance be a feature of?

A

asthma
COPD

154
Q

what would decreased resistance cause in the lung?

A

no turbulence
(large diameter)

155
Q

what is the VQ ratio?

A

ratio of ventilation to blood flow

156
Q

what is the VQ ratio defined as in a single alveolus?

A

alveolar ventilation/ capillary flow

157
Q

what is the VQ ratio in the lung defined as?

A

total alveolar ventilation/cardiac output

158
Q

what is the VQ ratio in a healthy lung?

A

0.8 to 1.2

159
Q

what does it mean if the VQ ratio is > 1 ?

A

ventilation exceeds perfusion

160
Q

what does it mean if the VQ relationship is <1?

A

perfusion exceeds ventilation

161
Q

what does VQ mismatching cause?

A

atrerial hypoxema

162
Q

what is arterial hypoxema?

A

below normal level of oxygen in the blood

163
Q

what is the value of Po2 for arterial hypoxema?

A

<80mmhg

164
Q

what is a physiological shunt? and what is the VQ ratio

A

ventilation to lung units absent in presence of continuing perfusion
VQ = 1
(non ventilated alveoli remain perfused)

165
Q

what does a physiological shunt cause?

A

because mixed blood is continuing to be perfused through the alveoli and there is no oxygen to oxygenate it
- the mixed blood moves out into arterial blood

166
Q

what is ateleoclasis?

A

obstruction of ventilation due to mucous plugs, oedema, foreign bodies or tumours in the airways

167
Q

what causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD?

A

long term smoking

168
Q

what are symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD?

A

shortness of breath, cough, tight chest, increased mucous

169
Q

what is emphysema?

A

inflation of structures in the alveoli

170
Q

what are symptoms of emphysema?

A

inhale but struggle to exhale due to decreases elastic recoil

171
Q

what happens to the lungs in emphysema?

A

lungs loose elasticity so can’t fully expand or contract

172
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the bronchi

173
Q

what are symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

shortness of breath and more susceptible to chest infection

174
Q

what causes inflammation of the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?

A

increases mucous production and excessive swelling

175
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

interstitial lung disease

176
Q

what happens to the lung tissues in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

scarring and thickening

177
Q

what does pulmonary fibrosis cause in the lungs?

A

decreased elasticity and gas exchange

178
Q

how do you measure lung volume?

A

vitalograph or spirograph

179
Q

what would you ask the patient to do when measuring lung volume?

A

inhale as much as possible then exhale as fast as possible

180
Q

in health the forced expiratory volume/ the forced vital capacity ratio should be?

A

> 70%

181
Q

in obstructive lung disease the forced expiratory volume/ the forced vital capacity ratio should be?

A

<70%

182
Q

in restrictive lung disease the forced expiratory volume/ the forced vital capacity ratio should be?

A

> 70%

183
Q

give examples of an obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

emphysema
asthma
pulmonary oedema

184
Q

give examples of a restrictive pulmonary disease?

A

pulmonary fibrosis
neuromuscular disease
respiratory distress syndrome

REVISION (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions