Random Flashcards
1
Q
What is ostiod?
A
Unmineralised bone
2
Q
What are lacunae?
A
Small spaces in compact bone
Home to osteocytes
3
Q
What are osteocytes?
A
Osteoblasts that have become surrounded in the bone matrix
4
Q
What are the 3 stages of stress?
A
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
5
Q
What is FVC?
A
Forced viral capacity
Total amount of air exhaled during FEV test
6
Q
How to measure FEV and FVC?
A
Spirometery
7
Q
What is FEV1?
A
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
8
Q
What does PICO stand for?
A
Population
Intervention
Comparison
outcome
9
Q
What is VQ ratio?
A
Air getting in to alveoli and blood flow to lungs
10
Q
What does V stand for?
A
Ventilation
11
Q
What does Q stand for?
A
Perfusion
12
Q
Where is ventilation greatest in lung?
A
Base
13
Q
What is hypoxemia?
A
Low oxygen in blood
14
Q
Hypocapnia?
A
Low co2 in blood
15
Q
What is metastasis?
A
Cancer cells moving from place they first grew to another place in body
16
Q
What do chemoreceptors detect in breathing?
A
Change in blood PO2 PCO2
17
Q
When PCO2 is increased or pH decreased what happen?
A
Central chemoreceptors activated to increase ventilation
18
Q
What happens when decrease in PO2?
A
Peripheral chemoreceptors activated to increase ventilation
19
Q
Where are central chemoreceptors?
A
Cluster of neurons in brain stem
20
Q
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors?
A
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
21
Q
What plays major role in moment to moment breathing?
A
PCO2
22
Q
What do mechanoreceptors detect?
A
Changes in lung and chest wall
23
Q
What happens in lung inflates?
A
Signals sent via vagus nerve to NTS
Ventilation adjusted
24
Q
What receptor picks up inflation or distension of airways? What happens?
A
Mechanoreceptors in Airway smooth muscle
Terminates inspiration
25
What receptor picks up rapid inflation/deflation or oedema? What happens
Mechanoreceptors in airway epithelium
Sigh or short expiration
26
Where does NTS receive info from?
Mechanoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors
27
What are paranasal sinuses responsible for?
Vocal resonance and speech modification
28
What is oroantral fistula?
Abnormal communication between mouth and paranasal sinus
29
Why is a foreign body more likely to go into right bronchus?
As it’s wider, shorter and vertical
30
What forms the superior Vena cava?
Brachiocephalic veins
31
What do the internal jugular and subclavian veins drain to form?
Brachiocephalic veins
32
When chest walls are weak what happens to FRC? Why
Decreases
Elastic recoil greater
33
At rest what is partial lressure of o2 and co2?
100
40
34
What does each division of bronchioles result in?
Increased SA
Decreased diameter
Increase in number
35
What forms anatomical dead space?
Conducting airway
Bronchi containing nonrespiratory bronchioles
36
What is part of the respiratory airway?
Bronchioles with alveoli where gas exchange occurs
37
What is type 1 epithelium in alveoli?
97%
Gas exchange
38
What is type 2 epithelium in alveoli?
3%
Septal cells
Pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension
39
What properties facilitate gas diffusion?
Large SA
Large PP gradient
Gases with good diffusion properties
40
What is equation for PP?
Fgas X Pb
41
What is partial pressure in mouth and trachea?
Mouth 159
Trachea 150
42
What is the most effective way to transport O2 ?
Bound to haemoglobin
43
What does oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?
Relationship between PO2 in blood and number of O2 bound to haemoglobin
44
At what value of PO2 does O2 saturation start to decrease?
60
45
How to measure O2 saturation?
Pulse oximetre
46
What is expiratory exchange ratio?
Expired CO2 to O2 uptake
47
How is most CO2 transported?
Converted to bicarbonate in RBC
48
What is the bicarbonate equation?
Water + carbon dioxide
To
Carbonic acid h2co3
To
Bicarbonate hco3
49
In healthy individual what is FEV1/FVC ratio?
>70%
70% o2 expired per second
50
What does spirometry test measure?
FEV1
51
What is VQ ratio in healthy lung?
0.8
52
When is VQ ratio > 1?
When ventilation exceeds perfusion
53
When is VQ ratio less than 1?
When perfusion exceed ventilation
54
What is the pressure and resistance in pulmonary circulation?
Low
55
What is the physiological dead space?
Vol of gas in each breath that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
56
What is VQ mismatching?
In some alveoli VQ>1 and some VQ<1
57
What is VQ in physiological shunt?
0
58
What is hypoxia?
Decreased 02
59
What is hypoxemia?
pO2< 80
60
What is
Alveolar ventilation
Pulmonary BF
in healthy individual
4-6 L min
5 L min
61
Where is
Pleural pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Greatest?
Base
Apex
62
What is ventilation?
Air moves in and out of lungs
63
What is perfusion?
Deoxy blood through lung for O2
64
What is Hyperoxia?
Increase 02
65
What is hypocapnia?
Decreased CO2
66
What is hypercapnia?
Increased CO2
67
What is starlings law?
Magnitude of stretch predicts strength of contraction
68
What is cardiac output?
Vol of blood pumped by heart per min
69
What is CO equation?
Stroke vol times heart rate
70
On ECG what is p wave?
Atrial depolarisation
71
What is QRS complex?
ventricular depolarisation
72
What is t wave?
Ventricular repolarisation
73
What is PR interval?
Delay through AV node
74
What is ST interval?
Plateau of ventricular AP
75
What is stroke vol?
Volume of blood ejected per contraction
76
What is stroke vol equation
EDV - ESV
77
What is systole and diastole?
S = ejects
D = fills
78
Which ventricle is thicker and why?
Left as if overcome greater pressure
79
What is MAP equation ?
CO x TPR
OR
DBP + 1/3 PP
80
What is vascular compliance and eq?
Ability of vessel to expand and recoil with changes in pressure
Change in volune
Change in pressure
81
3 types of capillaries?
Fenestrated
Continuous
Discontinuous
82
3 layers of vessel wall?
Tunica intima (only one in capillaries)
Tunica media
Tunica advantica
83
How is ADH produced?
Dehydration or decreased blood pressure
Acts on hypothalamus
Releases ADH to posterior pituitary
Releasee ADH to kidney
84
What regulates calcium production from the parafollicular cells?
Calcitonin
85
What do thyroid hormones do?
Increased metabolic rate
Determines basal metabolic rate
86
How is cortisol produced?
ACTH produced from anterior pituitary then produced by adrenal cortex
87
What’s does adrenal medulla produce ?
Adrenaline
88
Temporalis origin and insertion
Temporal fossa
Coronoid process of mandible
89
Temporalis function
Elevates and retraction
90
Masseter origin and insertion
Zygomatic arch
Angle and later surface of ramus of mandible
91
Masseter function
Elevate mandible
92
Medial pteygoid Origin and insertion
Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Medial surface of angle and Ramus of mandible
93
Medial pterygoid function
Elevate and protrude
94
Lateral pterygoid origin and insertion
Greater wing of sphenoid and lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
Joint capsule of TMJ and Pterygoid fovea of mandible
95
Lateral pterygoid function
Depress and protrude mandible
96
What passes through mandibular for amen?
Inferior alveolar nerve
97
Where does inferior alveolar nerve come from ?
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
98
When is the Jaw most stable?
Mandible elevated and consuls in articular fossa
99
What prevents too much forward movement of mandible?
Articular tuberance
100
What does the lateral TMJ ligament do?
Straps condyl to TMJ
101
What ligament provides mandible with most stability?
Lateral
102
What are the ligaments of TMJ
lateral
Sphenomandibulsr
Stylomandibular
103
What comes from the external auditory medius?
Styloid process then the stylomandibular ligament
104
What is the nerve supply to the TMJ?
Auriculartemporal and Masseteric from trigeminal nerve
105
What is the blood supply to the TMJ?
Maxillary and superficial temporal branches of ECA
106
What type of joint is TMJ?
Synovial of condyloid type
107
What cartilage is present in TMJ?
Hyaline
108
how do hormones act?
via negative feedback
109
what makes up are nucleotides make up of? give examples
base, sugar, phosphate
co enzymes like NAD CoA or ATP
110
what is a nucleoside made from?
base and sugar
111
what is the main biological energy store and where is it produced?
ATP from mitochondria
112
what is the base and sugar in ATP?
base is adenine
sugar is ribose
113
how is ATP joined?
esterification of C5 with 3 phosphate groups
114
how is energy released from ATP?
when each phosphate bond is broken = ADP + Pi therefor energy
115
what is the function of nucleic acid?
synthesise proteins
transmit genetic info
116
what are the bases in nucleic acid?
purines = A and G
pyramidines = C and T and U
117
how does cAMP act as a second messenger?
- hormone binds to receptors on plasma membrane
- adrenal cyclase stimulated
- increased adrenal cyclase so increases cAMP
- rate of processes altered
118
what is cAMP? (eg. tide or side)
ribonucleotide
119
what ion is involved in ATP to AMP?
magnesium
120
where is the phosphate on cAMP?
on C5
-cyclises between C5 and C3 of ribose
121
how is ATP converted to cAMP then AMP?
with the help of magnesium
1. by adrenal cyclase with 2 phosphates released
2. by phosphodiesterase
122
what is the DNA backbone made of?
deoxyriboses linked by phosphodiester bridges
123
what is the bonds of the DNA backbone?
3' - 5' phosphodiester bonds
124
what is the bonds in the RNA backbone?
5' - 3' phosphodiester bonds
125
name 3 differences between RNA and DNA?
1. uracil replaces thymine
2. 1 strand with no base pairs
3.ribose replaces deoxyribose
126
3 types of RNA
ribosomal
messenger
transfer
127
what causes mutation?
errors in DNA synthesis, radiation
128
describe the 3 types of mutations?
conservative = AA replaced with similar
nonconservative = AA replaced with not similar
no mutation = change in 3rd base so no change AA
129
what does insertion or deletion cause?
frameshift therefor completely different protein
130
what happen sin sickle cell anaemia?
glutamic acid replaced with valine = non conservative
131
what happens in protein synthesis?
DNA to mRNA by transcription
mRNA through tRNA and rRNA to protein = translation
132
what does RNA polymerase do in translation?
copies base sequence in template to produce mRNA
133
what does tRNA contain?
codon anticodon
134
what caries AA to ribosome?
tRNA
135
how many tRNAs are there? how many AA?
64
20
136
what is recombinant DNA technology?
join DNA molecules from different organisms and insert into a host to produce new genetic combinations
137
what are stages of gene cloning?
isolate gene using restriction enzyme
gel electrophoresis
insert into plasmid
138
in dna sequencing where does the primer bind?
3' end of DNA
139
what is chain termination in DNA sequencing?
interrupt DNA strand synthesis depending on presence of ddNTPs
140
what do restriction enzymes do?
cut DNA at specific sequences
141
what way do restriction enzymes cut DNA? how are they rejoined?
staggered cut with sticky ends
dna ligase rejoins
142
what is gel electrophoresis?
separates DNA fragments based on size
143
what structure do non steroid hormones have?
cholesterol ring
