growth disorders

Question 1

what is agenesis? (aplasia)

Answer 1

failure of development of organ or structure in organ

Question 2

what is atresia?

Answer 2

failure of development of lumen in a tubular epithelium structure

Question 3

what is hypoplasia?

Answer 3

less tissue formed but normal structure

Question 4

what is a hamaratoma? when does it grow?

Answer 4

tumour like growth
only grows during patients growth period

Question 5

what is an example of haemangioma?

Answer 5

storage weber syndrome
red patch affecting maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 6

what is a lymphangioma?

Answer 6

cavernous (large blood filled space)
common on tongue

Question 7

what is a naevus? (mole)

Answer 7

hamaratoma of melanocytes

Question 8

what is ectopia? eg

Answer 8

normal tissue in an abnormal site eg mekels diverticulum

Question 9

what is an acquired growth disorder?

Answer 9

adaptation of cells to environmental stresses

Question 10

what is atrophy?

Answer 10

cells smaller than normal

Question 11

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 11

cells larger than normal

Question 12

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 12

more cells than normal but same size

Question 13

what is metaplasia?

Answer 13

cells changing from one type to another

Question 14

what is dysplasia?

Answer 14

abnormal growth pattern of cells

Question 15

after teeth are removed there may be atrophy of mandible what does this add risk of?

Answer 15

after atrophy of mandible mental foramen and mental nerve will be on the ridge therefor pressure here would cause discomfort

Question 16

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 16

axing and hormones
oestrogen has inhibitory effect on osteoclasts
so when oestrogen increases bone resorption increases

Question 17

how does stimuli effect hyperplasia?

Answer 17

responds to the stimulus and regresses once stimulus removed

Question 18

what are some causes of hyperplasia?

Answer 18

chronic injury/ inflammation
(inflammatory cytokines)
growth factors
HPV

Question 19

in what case can hyperplasia be good?

Answer 19

improve function of organ after tranplant

Question 20

what is pure hypertrophy?

Answer 20

in cells with limited mitotic ability eg. muscle

Question 21

what causes hyper trophy in skeletal muscle?

Answer 21

increased function eg excercise

Question 22

what causes hyper trophy in smooth muscle?

Answer 22

hormones eg pregnancy

Question 23

what causes hypertrophy in cardiac muscles?

Answer 23

pathology eg hypertension

Question 24

what causes goitre? what does this lead to?

Answer 24

dietary iodine deficiency
causes decreases synthesis of thyroid hormone
therefor increase in thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 25

what causes metaplasia?

Answer 25

reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 26

what is the metaplasia is Barrett oesophagus?

Answer 26

stratified squamous to simple columnar by stomach acid coming back up

Question 27

what is common metaplasia in smokers?

Answer 27

ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous in respiratory

Question 28

what does dysplasia indicate?

Answer 28

potential for malignant change

Question 29

what is neoplasia?

Answer 29

abnormal mass of tissues
uncoordinated excessive growth