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REVISION > cell injury > Flashcards

cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

what is reversible cell injury?

A

cells adapt to change in environment and return to normal once stimulus removed

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2
Q

what is irreversible cell injury?

A

permanent and results in cell death

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3
Q

what does whether cell injury is reversible or irreversible depend on?

A

type, duration, severity and adaptability/ susceptibility of cell

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4
Q

what are some causes of cell injury?

A

hypoxia
physical agents eg. radiation
chemicals
drugs
infection
genetics
nutritional imbalance

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5
Q

what is hypoxia and what does it cause?

A

deficiency of oxygen
causes anaemia and respiratory failure

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6
Q

how do cells still release energy in hypoxia?

A

anaerobic mechanisms

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7
Q

what is ischaemia? what causes it?

A

reduction in blood supply to tissue
caused by blockage of arterial supply or venous drainage

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8
Q

what does ischaemia lead to a depletion of?

A

oxygen nutrients

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9
Q

do cells produce energy in ischaemia?

A

no its more rapid and serve than hypoxia

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10
Q

give examples of physical agents that cause cell injury?

A

ionising radiation
mechanical trauma
electric shock
temperature extremes

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11
Q

what are examples of infectious agents that cause cell injury?

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

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12
Q

what are immunological reactions that cause cell injury?

A

hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis
inflammation

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13
Q

what happens when you have too many and too little nutrients in general?

A

anorexia and obesity

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14
Q

what happens to the cell in reversible cell injury?

A

cloudy swelling and fatty change

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15
Q

what is cloudy swelling?

A

cells can maintain fluid and ionic homeostasis
failure of pumps

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16
Q

what is fatty change’?

A

accumulation of lipid vacuoles
liver enlarged and pale

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17
Q

what type of cell injury is necrosis?

A

irreversible

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18
Q

what happens in necrosis?

A

cell membrane disrupted therefor cell contents leak
inflammatory response
phagocytosis

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19
Q

name some microscopic changes of necrosis?

A

pyknosis
karyorhexis
karyolysis

20
Q

what is pyknosis?

A

nucleus stinks and stains darker

21
Q

what is karyorrhexis?

A

nucleus fragments

22
Q

what is karyolysis?

A

blue staining nucleus is digested by endonuclease

23
Q

how would you identify necrotic cell on histological image?

A

blue nucleus fades away and if its still there its smaller and darker

24
Q

name 3 types of necrosis?

A

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous

25
Q

what happens in coagulative necrosis?

A

no proteolysis of cell death due to denaturation of enzymes

26
Q

what happens in liquidate necrosis?

A

dead tissues digested so tissue on liquid viscous state

27
Q

what happens in gaseous necrosis?

A

looks like cheese
seen in tuberculous infection

28
Q

what is gangrenous necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis to liquefactive necrosis

29
Q

what is fat necrosis?

A

focal areas of fat destruction
- liquefied

30
Q

what is fribrinoid necrosis?

A

special type of necrosis seen in immune reactions of blood vessels
antigen antibody complexes in artery walls

31
Q

what does necrosis cause?

A

inflammation
phagocytosis
scar formation

32
Q

how do you know if a cell is dead?

A

alive nuclei is blue and red
dead nuclei is black

33
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

genetically programmed cell death

34
Q

how are apoptosis and necrosis different?

A

apoptosis doesn’t cause inflammation
necrosis = swell apoptosis = shrink
necrosis plasma membrane is disrupted but in apoptosis its intact

35
Q

what triggers apoptosis

A

hypoxia/ischaemia
viral infections
DNA damage
cascade enzymes

36
Q

what does apoptosis do in thymus?

A

deletes self reactive lymphocytes

37
Q

what does apoptosis do in epithelium?

A

deletes proliferating cells

38
Q

what does apoptosis do after an inflammatory response?

A

deletes the inflammatory cells

39
Q

stages of apoptosis?

A
  1. cells shrinks
  2. chromatin condenses
  3. cytoplasmic blebs form
  4. break off and form apoptotic bodies
  5. phagocytoses
40
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

accumulation of cholesterol in macrophage and sm cells in BV walls

41
Q

what causes deposits of amyloid?

A

axing drugs chronic inflammation

42
Q

what is endogenous pigmentations?

A

melanin
bilirubin
BROWN

43
Q

what is exogenous pigment?

A

tattoo
carbon
smoke

44
Q

what is dystrophic pathogenic calcification?

A

deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue
serum calcium is normal

45
Q

what is metaplastic pathogenic calcification?

A

deposits of calcium salt in normal tissue
raised serum calcium levels

46
Q

what effects does raised serum calcium have?

A
  • hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland tumour
  • excess vit d
  • destruction of bone tissue
  • renal failure

REVISION (12 decks)

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