ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 2 functions of the GIT?
A
digestion
absorption (transfer nutrients into circulation)
2
Q
what type of epithelium is in the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus?
A
stratified squamous
3
Q
what is an advantage of having stratified squamous epithelium at the start of the GIT?
A
no blood loss after repeated trauma
4
Q
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
A
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
5
Q
what are the parts of the large intestine?
A
caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
rectum
anus
6
Q
what is the motility in the mouth?
A
chewing and swallowing - breakdown food then swallow
7
Q
what is the motility in the stomach?
A
churning - mix of food and fluid with acid, bicarbonate and enzymes
8
Q
what is the product of churning in the stomach?
A
chyme
9
Q
what is the motility in the intestines called and what aids it?
A
peristalsis - muscular contration
10
Q
what is the motility at the very end of the GIT?
A
defection/ mass movements
11
Q
what are the 4 epithelial layers in the GIT?
A
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
serosa/ adventitia
12
Q
what is the parts of the mucosa layer of the git?
A
epithelium
lamina propria
muscular mucosae
13
Q
what is the function of the mucosa layer in the GIT?
A
lines surfaces of organs and cavities
14
Q
in the mucosa layer of the GIT what does the lamina propria do?
A
has inflammatory cells
provides nutrients and support
15
Q
in the mucosa layer of the GIT what type of tissue is the lamina propria?
A
loose thin connective tissue
16
Q
in the mucosa layer of the GIT what type of tissue is the muscular mucosae?
A
smooth muscle tissue
17
Q
what comes on the outside of the muscular mucosae of the mucosa layer of the GIT?
A
submucosa
18
Q
what type of tissue is the sub mucosa?
A
dense irregular connective tissue
19
Q
what vessels does the submucosa contain?
A
blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
20
Q
what are the 2 layers of the muscular propria?
A
outer = longitudinal layer
inner = circular layer
21
Q
what is the function of the muscular propria and what feature helps with this?
A
it is thick for peristalsis (movement of food)
22
Q
where is the adventitia found?
A
oral cavity
upper oesophagus
thorax
ascending colon
descending colon
rectum
23
Q
what type of epithelium is the serosa and where is it found?
A
fixed tissue - 2 layers of simple squamous
rest of GIT that adventitia isn’t foudn
24
Q
what is the function of digestive tract organs?
A
aid digestion and absorption
25
what are 4 accessory organs in the GIT?
gall bladder
liver
pancreas
salivary glands
26
what is the function of the gall bladder?
store and concentrate bile that was produced in the liver
- aids fat digestion
27
what is the function of the salivary glands?
buffer the pH in the mouth
protect surfaces of the oral cavity
28
what are the minor salivary glands and what secretions do they produce?
lingual = mucous
buccal = serous
palatal = serous
labial = serous
- glossopalatine = serous
29
what are the 3 major salivary glands and their secretions?
parotid - serous
submandibular - mixed
sublingual - mucous
30
why does the GIT have a function of secretion?
to ensure food and fluid moves smoothly over the epithelial surfaces
31
what is secreted in the small intestine and large intestine?
enzymes SI
mucous LI
32
how does the GIT digest food mechanically?
contraction of smooth muscle to move food along
33
how does the GIT digest food chemically?
breaks food down into smaller particles by amylase, hydrochloric acid and enzymes
34
is more fluid and nutrients absorbed in the small or large intestine?
small intestine absorbs more
35
how much does the small intestine absorb?
7500ml
36
what is excreted from the GIT?
indigestible produces that can't be absorbed
37
what is the anterior boundary of the mouth?
lip
38
what are the lateral boundaries of the mouth?
cheek
39
what are the inferior boundaries of the mouth?
mylohyoid and tongue
40
what is the superior boundaries of the mouth?
hard palate
soft palate
41
what is the posterior boundaries if the GIT?
fauces (pillars)
42
what's part of the exocrine secretions from the major salivary glands?
salt
water
mucous
amylase
43
what role does the buccinator play in eating?
puffs out jaw to keep the food in the centre
44
what role do the facial muscles play in movement of the mouth?
they move the mouth but not for chewing
45
what are the obicularis orisis muscles found ?
in the lip
46
how does the mouth detect pain?
nociception
47
describe the movement going from the oesophagus to the anal canal?
smooth muscle so involuntary with no control
48
how does the mouth detect changes in temperature?
thermoreception
49
how does the mouth sense movement?
mechanoreceptors
50
what are the motor functions of the mouth?
- transport breakdown and swallowing of food
- communicate via speak and facial expression
51
what is the 3 functions of salivation in the mouth?
protect mouth
lubricate epithelium
aids digestion
52
what lymphoid tissue is in the mouth and what is its function?
tonsils - inflammatory tissue first line of defence
53
what are reflexes in the mouth and what is the purpose of them?
gag, swallow, vomit
- prevent harm going any further
54
what are plica fimbriata?
folds under the tongue
55
what is the function go the lingual veins?
drain the floor of the mouth
56
what holds the tongue in place?
lingual frenulum
57
what happens if the lingual frenulum is too short?
tongue tied
- trouble with speak, eating and swallowing
58
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
59
where does the pharynx start and end?
base of skull to oesophagus (C6)
60
what are the 2 functions of the pharynx?
- transport air
- muscles direct food to the oesophagus
61
what is the function of the nasopharynx?
- respiratory communication between the mouth and nose
62
what is the function of the oropharynx?
respiratory and digestion
63
what is the 2 parts of the laryngopharynx and what do they include?
superior = epiglottis
inferior = laryngeal cartilage forms ring
64
what is the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage that helps to close off the trachea during swallowing
65
where is the inferior laryngopharynx found?
below the thyroid cartilage
at the level of the cricoid cartilage
66
where is the piriform fossa found?
lies on either side of the laryngeal opening
67
what does the piriform fossa do?
involved in speech
- things often become trapped in it
68
what happens if the uvula isn't working?
the soft palate may allow passage of fluid into the nasal cavity
69
what is the superior and inferior oropharynx?
superior = soft palate
inferior = base of tongue (epiglottis)
70
what does the nasocriminal duct allow?
communication between the eyes and nose
71
where are the tubal tonsils found?
roof of the nasopharynx = around the auditory tube
72
what do the tubal tonsils do?
equalise air between the inner and middle ear
73
what tonsils get taken out during tonsillitis?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
74
what structures stop dirt from entering the nose and mouth?
nasal hairs and uvula
75
what is the uvula?
part of soft palate that rises during swallowing
76
what does the uvula prevent?
prevents food and fluid entering nasal cavity
77
what do the palatoglossal arches do?
joins palate to tongue
78
what do palatopharyngeal arches do?
joins the palate to what's below it
79
what are the 4 types of tonsils and where are they found?
pharyngeal tonsils - roof of nasopharynx
tubal tonsils - roof of nasopharynx
palatine tonsils - in oropharynx
lingual tonsils - posterior 1/3 of tongue
80
where in the body are the 2 layers of the muscularis propria switched to inner longitudinal and outer circular?
pharyngeal constrictors
81
what is the motor nerve supply to the pharynx?
vagus X
82
what is the sensory nerve supply to the pharynx?
glossopharyngeal nerve (pharyngeal plexus)
83
where do all pharyngeal constrictors join?
median raphe
84
what nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?
vagus
85
where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor run?
mylohyoid to roof of mouth
86
where does middle pharyngeal constrictor run?
to hyoid bone but not joined to it
87
where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor run?
runs to largest laryngeal cartilage (thyroid cartilage)
88
which pharyngeal constrictor are the vocal folds attached to?
inferior
89
where does the oesophagus run?
from pharynx to stomach
90
what does the oesophagus lie in?
neck
thorax
abdomen
91
what is the oesophagus posterior to?
trachea and the heart
92
what are the oesophageal spincters and their function?
muscular rings around either end to close when food is not being swalled
93
what are the oesophageal spincters and their function?
muscular rings around either end to close when food is not being swallowed
94
what organ pierces the diaphragm?
oesophagus
95
where is the lower oesophageal spinster found?
between oesophagus and stomach
96
what would dysfunction of the lower oesophageal spinster lead to?
cancer
GORD
dysplasia
97
how is the upper oesophageal spinster influenced?
swallowing reflex
98
what is the upper oesophageal spinster comprised off?
lower fibres of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and involuntary skeletal muscle
99
what type if epithelium is in the oesophagus?
stratified squamous epithelium
100
what are the muscle layers of the muscularis propria in the oesophagus?
circular inner
longitudinal outer
101
what are the muscle types in the 3 parts of the oesophagus?
upper 1/3 = skeletal
middle 1/3 = mixed
lower 1/3 = smooth
102
where does the oesophagus meet the stomach?
gastrooesophageal junction
103
what does the lower oesophageal spinster do at the start of the stomach?
regulates food passing into the stomach
prevents the contents of the stomach going back up
104
what are the 2 roles of swallowing?
feed the stomach
prevent food entering airway
105
what is the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
oro to laryngopharynx
- soft palate raises
- depression of epiglottis
- contract vocal folds (pharyngeal constrictors)
- relax upper oesophageal spincter
106
what happens at the oesophageal phase of swallowing? is it voluntary?
pharyngeal constrictors contract
involuntary
107
what is the symptoms of dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
108
what is dysphagia?
neuromuscular disease
109
what happens in dysphagia?
sphincter spasm
- tumours grow obstructing oesophagus about 30-50% before symptoms show
110
what is tracheooesophageal fistula?
abnormal connection between the trachea and the oesophagus
111
what are the 3 types of tracheooesophageal fistulas?
A = most common 90% connection between trachea and oesophagus
B = oesophagus forms in 2 parts, 1 connecting to stomach and other to trachea but dont meet
C = associated with other birth defects, fluid passing to oesophagus goes straight to trachea
112
what is Barretts oesophagus?
metaplasia where stratified squamous epithelium in the oesophagus changes to columnar epithelium
113
what is GORD?
when stomach acid passes up into the oesophagus
114
what is chrons disease?
inflammation of lining of GIT and granulomas form
115
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation if the colon and rectum only
116
What happens in ulcerative colitis?
Ulcers break the epithelium leading to diahorrea and pain
117
What does Barrett’s oesophagus increase the risk of?
Dysplasia then cancer
118
What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?
Reflux of stomach acid
119
What is the epithelium change at the gastro-oesophageal junction?
Stratified squamous to simple columnar
120
In small intestine by how much do microvilli increase SA?
30x
121
What does mucous secreted in LI do?
Protects the epithelia
Absorbs vitamins
122
In a H&E stained cell what colours would be present?
Nucleus stained blue
Cytoplasm and extracellular matrix pink
123
What is the broad function of each part of SI?
Duodenum = digestion
Jejunum = both
Ileum= absorption
124
What happens in coeliac disease?
Immune system attacks own tissue when eating gluten
125
What happens to villi in chrome disease? What does this cause?
Villus atrophy
Decreased SA
decreased absorption
126
What happens if crypts in the SI become hyper plastic?
They stretch apart
Decreased absorption and digestion
127
What is sialolithiasis and where is it most common?
Salivary gland stones
Submandibular gland
128
What is sialoadentitis?
Inflammation if the salivary glands
129
What does the nasocriminal duct carry and where?
Tears from lacriminal sac to nasal cavity
130
What would allow potential communication between the mouth and nose?
Dysfunction of the soft palate and uvula
131
Where are the tubal tonsils found (roof of nasopharynx?
Around estachian tube
132
What is the estachian tube responsible for?
Communication between the middle and external ear
133
What makes up the pharyngeal plexus?
Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
134
How would you tell if there was dysfunction of the pharyngeal plexus?
Ask patient to say Arghh and if the uvula moves to one side then there’s problem
135
What do paranasal sinuses do?
Lighten the skull
136
What is the piriform fossa involved in?
Speach
137
What bone is fractured during strangulation?
Hyoid
138
What is the general nerve supply to the pharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus
139
What is Otis media?
Middle ear infection
140
What muscle type is the upper oesophageal spincter?
Skeletal
141
What makes the lower oesophageal spincter act as a spincter?
Enters stomach at angle
142
What are the muscle types in the muscularis mucosae of the oesophagus?
Upper 1/3 skeletal
Middle 1/3 mixed
Loved 1/3 smooth
143
What happens in the oral phase of deglutition?
Food moves posteriorly
Liquid stays in mouth infront of pillars
144
What happens in the pharyngeal stage of deglutition?
Soft palate rises
Depression of epiglottis
Vocal cords (pharyngeal constrictors) contract
Upper oesophageal spincter relaxes
145
What happens in the oesophageal phase of deglutition?
Involuntary contraction of oesophageal spincters
Peristalsis moves bolus
Lower oesophageal spincter relaxes
Bolus moves to stomach
146
What is the abdomen wall?
Multilayered musculoaponeurotic wall w adipose tissue
147
Where does the greater omentum attach?
Greater curvature of stomach
148
What is pyloric stenosis?
Projectile vomiting with no bile
149
Why is there no bile produced in pyloric stenosis?
As it affects the pyloric spincter before the duodenum
150
What are Rugae?
Folds in stomach that increase surface area
151
Which layer of stomach helps with contraction for churning of chyme?
Muscularis propria
152
What is the exception to limited absorption in the stomach?
Alcohol
153
What secretions happen in gastric pits in stomach?
Endocrine cells produce gastin
Which causes parietal cells to produce HCL
which breaks down pepsinogen from chief cells to pepsin
154
As you descend into gastric pits which secretory cells would you find?
Top
Mucous secreting cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Endocrine cells
155
Where does the left gastric artery supply?
Lesser curvature of stomach
156
What are the 2 branches of the hepatic artery that supply the stomach?
Right gastric
Right gastroomental (gastroepiploic)
157
What does the right gastric artery supply?
Lesser curvature of stomach
158
What does the right gastric artery anastomose with in the lesser curvature of stomach?
Left gastric artery
159
What does the right gastroomental (gastroepiploic) artery supply?
Greater curvature of stomach
160
What are the 2 branches of the splenic artery that supply the stomach?
Left gastroomental (gastroepiploic)
Short gastric
161
Where does the left gastroomental (gastroepiploic) artery supply?
Greater curvature
162
Where does the short gastric artery supply?
Greater curvature
163
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk?
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Left gastric
164
At which vertebrae does the coeliac trunk leave abdominal aorta?
T12
165
At which vertebrae does the superior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?
L1
166
At which vertebrae does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?
L3
167
What are the 3 branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the abdominal organs?
Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
168
What drains from stomach to portal veins?
Left and right gastric arteries
169
What do the short gastric and left gastroepiploic veins drain into?
Splenic then superior mesenteric vein
170
Where does the right gastroepiploic vein drain?
Superior mesenteric
171
What are the layers of the peritoneum?
Mesothelium = serous membrane 2 layers
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
172
Which layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to pressure pain and temp?
Parietal peritoneum
173
What is pain in the visceral peritoneum called and why?
Dermatomes
Because it’s areas of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve
174
What does intraperitoneal mean?
Inside the visceral peritoneum
175
What is the mesentery?
Double layer of visceral peritoneum
176
What does the mesentery do?
Connects structures to the posterior abdominal wall
177
What is the omentum?
Sheets of visceral peritoneum that extend from stomach and duodenum to abdominal organs
178
Where are brunners glands found?
Duodenum
179
What do brunners glands secrete?
Alkaline to protect from acidity of chyme
180
Where are brunners glands found in duodenum?
Above spincter of oddi
181
What is the spincter of oddi?
Valve at exit if bile duct and pancreatic duct that controls flow of bile and pancreatic juices
182
What controls the flow of bike and pancreatic secretions to the duodenum?
Spincter of oddi
183
Where is the major duodenal papilla?
Beginning of common bile and pancreatic ducts
184
What does the spincter of oddi surround?
Major duodenal papilla
185
What % of people have minor duodenal papilla?
10
186
If present where is the minor duodenal papilla?
Opening of accessory pancreatic duct
187
Where is CCK secreted ?
Duodenum
188
What does CCK do in SI? General
AIDS fat and protein digestion
189
How does CCK aid fat digestion in SI?
Relaxes spincter of oddi
to Releases pancreatic enzymes and bile
Concentrates the gallbladder
190
What is the arterial blood supply to SI before the major duodenal papilla?
Gastroduodenal artery
191
What is the arterial blood supply to the SI after the major duodenal papilla?
Superior mesenteric artery
And it’s branch
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
192
What is the venous drainage of the SI?
Splenic or superior mesenteric vein to the portal vein
193
What are the 4 parts of duodenum?
Ascending inferior descending superior
194
Where is a duodenal ulcer most common?
Posterior wall of the superior part of duodenum
195
How is pain relieved and worsened in duodenal ulcers?
Worse at night
Better when eating
196
What is the rule surrounding meckels diverticulum?
Rule of 2
If symptomatic they show before 2
2 feet from ileocaecal valve
2% of population
2 inches ling
197
describe the structure of the jejunum?
(intestinal wall, vasa recta, arcades)
thick intestinal wall
long vasa recta
less arcades
198
describe the structure of the ileum?
(intestinal wall, vasa recta, arcades)
thin intestinal wall
short vasa recta
more arcades
199
what happens at the ileocaecal junction?
vitB 12 and bile acid absorption
200
where are enterocytes found in the SI?
on the mucosa layer
201
what is the submucous plexus? (meissners)
sensory innervation from PNS
202
what is the myenteric plexus? (auchbachs)
motor innervation from PNS and SNS
203
where is the meissners (submucosal plexus) found?
between the submucosa and the inner circular layer of muscular externa in SI
204
where is the meinteric (auchbachs) plexus found?
between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscular externa in SI
205
what is a lacteal and what does it store?
lymphatic vessel that stores fat
206
what are enterocytes epithelium and function?
columnar epithelium with absorption function
207
what are plicae circularis?
permanent circular folds in the latter duodenum and upper jejunum that increase the surface area
208
what increases surface area in the small intestine?
microvilli and plicae circularis
209
what are the 6 parts if the large intestine?
caecum
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
rectum
210
what does the ileocaecal valve prevent?
prevents back flow of LI contents to the SI during peristalsis
211
what does the caecum do?
receives chyme and stores it
212
which parts of the LI are retroperitoneal?
ascending and descending colon
213
what parts of the LI are intraperitoneal?
transverse
214
what is the general function of the colon?
absorb fluid and electrolytes from chyme
215
what is the least fixed part of the colon?
transvrse
216
where does the sigmoid colon run?
left ileac fossa to the S3 vertebrae
217
what is the right colonic flexure? what is it between?
hepatic flexture
between ascending and transverse
218
what is the left colonic flexure? what is it between?
splenic flexture
between transverse and descending
219
what are Taenia coli and where are they found?
3 layers of longitudinal muscle on outside of A T D colon
220
what are haustra?
small pouches that give LI its bubbly appearance
221
what are appendices epiploicae? where are they found?
pouches in the peritoneal filled with fat
- on the T and S colon
222
what is the function of the rectum?
temporarily store faeces
223
what does the rectum not contain? 3
taenia coli, haustra, appendices epiploicae
224
what is the function of rectal valves?
support the weight of faeces
225
what is the internal haemorrhoidal plexus?
network of veins in the rectum that communicate portal to systemic venous system
226
why are drugs taken rectally more fast asking?
as they bypass metabolism by the internal hemorrhoidal plexus
227
what happens when the rectum is distended if daeficating is not the desired outcome?
rectospincteric relex initiated
internal anal spincter relaxed
voluntary contraction of the external anal spincter
228
what happens when the rectum is distended if daeficating is the desired outcome?
rectospincteric relex initiated
internal anal spincter relaxed
external anal spincter relaxed
contact the abdominal walls
relaxation of the pelvic wall muscles
peristaltic waves
faeces moves through the anal canal
229
what controls the internal anal spincter?
parasympathetic nerves
230
what controls the external anal spincter?
somatic nerves S2, 3 and 4
231
where is the vermiform appendix?
worm like structure that leads off of the caecum
232
what are 3 differences between the SI and LI?
(villi, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle)
LI hasn't got villi
Li has incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle = Taenia coli
LI has ring like arrangement of circular muscle = haustra
233
what are 3 similarities between SI and Li?
structure
simple columnar epithelium wit goblet cells
intestinal crypts of leiberkuhn
mucosal glands for mucous
234
in the intestinal crypts of leiberkuhn what are the crypts and villi covered in?
goblet cells that secrete mucous
enterocytes that secrete water and electrolytes
235
what part of the LI is exztraperitoneal?
rectoanal junction
236
where is faeces contained until daefication?
rectoanal junction
237
what are the 4 zones of the rectoanal junction ? and what type of epithelium in each?
colorectal = simple columnar
transitional zone = simple columnar and stratified squamous
anoderm = stratified squamous non keratinised
cutaneous = stratified squamous keratinised
238
what is the blood supply and drainage to the rectum?
superior and inferior rectal arteries and veins
239
what is the role of Li bacterial flora? 3
- ferment dietary fibre and lipids
- gases produced 'flatus'
- synthesise vitmanins
240
how does the squeezing action on chyme happen in the LI?
contraction of inner circular muscle
241
what is the function of peristalsis?
propel semisolid faecal matter to the rectum
242
what controls the gastocolonic reflex?
after meals
243
what is daefication?
ejection of faecal matter from the rectum via the anal canal
244
what type of muscle is the rectum?
smooth muscle
245
what type of muscle is the internal anal spincter?
smooth muscle
246
what type of muscle is the external anal spincter?
striated skeletal muscle
247
what is an ileostomy?
small bowel diverted through an opening on the RHS
248
what is a colostomy?
large bowel diverted through opening on LHS
249
what type of faecal matter are you likely to find in a colostomy bag and an ileostomy bag?
colostomy = harder faecal matter
ileostomy = softer faecal matter
250
what causes diaeorrea?
GIT infection causing a failure in fluid absorption
251
what does diaeorrea lead to?
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
252
what is the characteristic of diaeorrea?
3 or more loose stools a day
253
what is the characteristic of constipation?
3 or less stools a week that are difficult to pass
254
what causes constipation?
GIT spasm causing an increase in fluid absorption
255
what external factor can cause constipation?
drugs such as opioids
256
what are the 2 purposes of the pancreas gland?
exocrine digestive 99%
endocrine hormonal 1%
257
what are the 5 parts of the pancreas?
head
uncinate process
neck
body
tail
258
what is secreted in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
islets of langerhans
hormones
259
what is secreted in the exocrine portion of the pancreas?
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
260
what does amylase secreted in the pancreas do?
breaksdown starch to sugar
261
what does lipase secreted in the pancreas do?
breakdown fat to monoglycerides and fatty acids
262
what does trypsin secreted in the pancreas do?
secreted as trypsinogen to breakdown or hydrolyse protein
263
name the 3 islets of langerhans cells and what they secrete?
alpha - glycogen
beta - insulin
delta - somatostatin
264
in the exocrine pancreas what are acini linked by?
intercalated ducts
265
what do intercalated ducts in exocrine pancreas link to and what does this drain to?
intralobular ducts drain to pancreatic duct
266
what are centroacinar cells?what do they secrete?
extensions of intercalated ducts into pancreatic duct that secrete mucin and bicarbonate
267
what happens in cystic fibrosis? what does this cause?
abnormally thick secretions that decrease digestion and lead to malabsorption
268
what does malabsorption in cystic fibrosis lead to?
steatorrhea which is fatty stools
269
what can lead to pancreatic cancer?
billary obstruction and early metastasis
270
what are 5 functions of the liver?
metabolism (stores glycogen and releases glucose)
protein synthesis
inactivates frugs and hormones
excretes waste
produces bile
271
what are the 4 lobes of the liver?
left
right
quadrate and caudate
272
what is ductus venosus?
directs blood to the foetus
273
what is the falciform ligament?
embryological remnant of ventral mesentary
274
what does the falciform ligament do?
attaches intestines to posterior abdominal wall
275
what is the round ligament?
remnant of the umbilical vein
276
what ligament is sometimes continuous with the ductus venosus?
round ligament
277
what is the arterial blood supply % to the liver?
75% hepatic portal vein
25% hepatic artery
278
what makes up the common hepatic duct? what do they do?
left and right hepatic ducts that carry bile to gallbladder
279
what do intrahepatic ducts unite to form?
left and right extra hepatic ducts then the common hepatic duct
280
where do sinusoids drain?
to hepatic portal vein then inferior vena cava
281
what makes up the hepatic portal vein?
splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein
282
where are kupffer cells?
in sinusoids in the liver
283
what is the function of kupffer cells?
clear blood waste
284
where is bile produced?
hepatocytes in liver
285
after liver what passes bile to gallbladder?
bile canaliculi
286
what does bile contain?
lipid emulsifiers (bile salts)
waste products including bile pigments
287
what do lipid emulsifiers from bile useful for?
helps fat absorption and cholesterol
288
what gives urine and faeces its colour?
RBCs metabolised to bilirubin
289
how does bile get from bile canaliculi to duodenum?
hepatic bile duct then common hepatic duct
290
what is each lobe of the liver made from?
lobules (hexagon)
291
how does the liver help red blood cells?
stores and metabolises iron used by RBCs for transporting O2 via haemoglobin
292
what is hepatomegaly? what does it indicate and what symptoms present?
enlarged liver
liver/ cardiac problems or cancer
(jaundice, vomiting, nausea, fatigue, pain)
293
what is cirrhosis?
scarring or fibrosis of liver
294
what causes cirrhosis?
inflammation due to eg alcoholism or hepatitis
295
what is hepatic carcinoma?
liver cancer
296
what effect does the SNS have on heart rate, breathing and gut motility?
decreases HR
decreases breathing
increases gut motility
297
what effect does the PNS have on heart rate, breathing and gut motility?
increases HR
increases breathing
decreases gut motility
298
where in GIT are hormones most active?
stomach
