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REVISION > ANATOMY LAB > Flashcards

ANATOMY LAB Flashcards

1
Q

which kidney is lower and why?

A

right as it is influenced by the position of the liver

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2
Q

what structures protect the kidney?

A

ribs
abdominal wall muscles
and renal fat pad surrounding it

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3
Q

name structures that are retroperitoneal?

A

most of duodenum
kidneys
descending and ascending colon
ureters
abdominal aorta
inferior vena cava
pancreas

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4
Q

why in males does renal dysfunction first present as pain in the left gonad?

A

because the left renal vein receives blood from the left gonadal vein
whereas the right renal vein drains directly to IVC

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5
Q

what effect does position of inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta have?

A

abdominal aorta more left
IVC more right
therefor left renal vein longer than the right and must pass anterior to the aorta on the way to drain into IVC

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6
Q

what do renal papilla do?

A

waste fluid drains into minor calyces

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7
Q

what to minor calyces converge to?

A

major calyces that drain to renal pelvis
narrow to form ureter

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8
Q

what are the 2 main parts of a nephron?

A

renal tubule and the renal corpuscle

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9
Q

what is the renal tubule made from?

A

PCT
loop of henle
DCT

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10
Q

what is the renal corpuscle made from?

A

glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

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11
Q

where is a common place for blockages to occur in the ureter?

A

as they pass the pelvic inlet and into the pelvis

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12
Q

what does the bladder lie immediately posterior to?

A

pubic symphysis

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13
Q

what prevents back flow of urine into the ureters?

A

distension of the bladder forces the orifices shut (physiologic spincter)

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14
Q

what is the bladder wall mostly made from? how does this relate to its function?

A

muscle that helps to retain the shape during stretching without rupture

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15
Q

what colour is the spleen and where does it lie?

A

dark red
left hypochonrium posterior to stomach

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15
Q

what colour is the spleen and where does it lie?

A

dark red
left hypochonrium posterior to stomach

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16
Q

who was the most famous contributor to the anatomical and function regions of the face?

A

sir Charles bell

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17
Q

what is the basis of pathology of bells palsy?

A

generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid formamen (where the facial nerve leaves the skull)

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18
Q

which nerve innervates temporals?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

what is the significant function of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

sensory innervation to most of the face

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20
Q

how would you test the integrity of the temporals?

A

ask patient to clench and palpate over the temporal region

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21
Q

what nerve supplies the buccinator?

A

buccal branch of the facial nerve

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22
Q

how would you clinically test the integrity of the buccinator?

A

pull out cheeks against a closed mouth

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23
Q

what common clinical condition affects the buccinator? what effect would this have on patient day to day?

A

stroke
unable to keep food in mouth and drool

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24
Q

what additional gland can be found around the main parotid gland and what % of people is it present in?

A

accessory parotid gland 20%

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25
Q

what 3 structures pass through the parotid gland?

A

facial nerve
retromandibular vein
external carotid artery

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26
Q

what pathologies may occur in the parotid gland and how would they manifest clinically?

A

mumps, tumours, inflammation
- facial weakness or paralysis

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27
Q

what is the function and name of the 2 parts of the obicularis oculi?

A

orbital part = strong closure of eye
palpebral part = soft closure of eye

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28
Q

what nerve supplies the obicularis oculi?

A

temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve

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29
Q

if nerve supply to the obicularis oculi was damaged what would be the functional consequences for the patient?

A

corneal drying or even ulceration and irritation

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30
Q

what are the attachments of the master?

A

zygomatic arch and the mandible

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31
Q

what nerve supplies the master?

A

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

32
Q

how would you clinically test the integrity of the masseter?

A

ask patient to clench teeth

33
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland?

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

34
Q

what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply?

A

frontalis and upper eye muscles

35
Q

what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supple?

A

zygomatic muscles and some elevators of the mouth

36
Q

what does the buccal branch of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

buccinator

37
Q

what does the marginal mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

depressors of the mouth

38
Q

what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply?

A

platysma

39
Q

what bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through?

A

petrous temporal bone

40
Q

where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

41
Q

what set of muscles would you test to diagnose facial palsy?

A

muscles of facial expression

42
Q

what supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nerve

43
Q

what are 2 drugs to treat bells palsy?

A

Acyclovir and prednisolone

44
Q

where are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus?

A

ventral rami of C5 to T1

45
Q

what is the purpose of the brachial plexus?

A

sensory and motor innervation to the upper limbs

46
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial nerves

47
Q

when can the brachial plexus commonly be injured?

A

during child birth

48
Q

what is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

accessory nerve

49
Q

what does the accessory nerve supply?

A

sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius

50
Q

if one sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts what happens?

A

flection/ rotation of the neck to the opposite side

51
Q

if both sternocleidomastoid muscles bilaterally contract?

A

flexion of the neck

52
Q

what is torticollitis?

A

excess contraction/shortening of sternocleidomastoid

53
Q

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

54
Q

what does the sensory portion of the phrenic nerve supply?

A

mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic peritoneum and pericardium

55
Q

which nerve roots of the phrenic nerve innervate diaphragm?

A

C3 C4 C5

56
Q

what are the 2 major branches of the common carotid artery?

A

internal and external

57
Q

what does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

brain

58
Q

what does the external carotid artery supply?

A

head and neck

59
Q

at what cervical lever does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4 or C5

60
Q

why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

due to excess turbulence cause by the change in direction of blood flow

61
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

62
Q

what supplies the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

chorda tympani nerve branch of facial nerve

63
Q

when may the hypoglossal nerve be sectioned to reinnervate another close by nerve?

A

hypoglossal facial anastomosis to reinnervate the facial nerve after intermediate length paralysis

64
Q

what problems may occur after hypoglossal facial anastomosis? what is the cure?

A

contraction of the face during eating or drinking
- botox and intense physiotherapy

65
Q

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

endocrine

66
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce ?

A

T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

67
Q

why are secretions produced by the thyroid gland essential for normal development?

A

nerve growth and development

68
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

69
Q

what emergency procedure is undertaken between thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

A

cricothyroidectomy for emergency airway access

70
Q

what is unusual about the hyoid bone?

A

only bone not attached to any others

71
Q

what is the function of the strap muscles?

A

depression of the hyoid bone in swallowing

72
Q

what’s the function of the digastric muscle?

A

opens jaw

73
Q

where does the submandibular gland open in the mouth?

A

opposite the lingual frenulum

74
Q

where does parotid gland enter the oral cavity?

A

opposite the second upper molar

75
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, GI tract

76
Q

what are the main branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Superior laryngeal (external and internal branches) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

77
Q

what nerve fibres are in the vagus nerve?

A

motor and parasympathetic

REVISION (12 decks)

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