ANATOMY LAB

Question 1

which kidney is lower and why?

Answer 1

right as it is influenced by the position of the liver

Question 2

what structures protect the kidney?

Answer 2

ribs
abdominal wall muscles
and renal fat pad surrounding it

Question 3

name structures that are retroperitoneal?

Answer 3

most of duodenum
kidneys
descending and ascending colon
ureters
abdominal aorta
inferior vena cava
pancreas

Question 4

why in males does renal dysfunction first present as pain in the left gonad?

Answer 4

because the left renal vein receives blood from the left gonadal vein
whereas the right renal vein drains directly to IVC

Question 5

what effect does position of inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta have?

Answer 5

abdominal aorta more left
IVC more right
therefor left renal vein longer than the right and must pass anterior to the aorta on the way to drain into IVC

Question 6

what do renal papilla do?

Answer 6

waste fluid drains into minor calyces

Question 7

what to minor calyces converge to?

Answer 7

major calyces that drain to renal pelvis
narrow to form ureter

Question 8

what are the 2 main parts of a nephron?

Answer 8

renal tubule and the renal corpuscle

Question 9

what is the renal tubule made from?

Answer 9

PCT
loop of henle
DCT

Question 10

what is the renal corpuscle made from?

Answer 10

glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

Question 11

where is a common place for blockages to occur in the ureter?

Answer 11

as they pass the pelvic inlet and into the pelvis

Question 12

what does the bladder lie immediately posterior to?

Answer 12

pubic symphysis

Question 13

what prevents back flow of urine into the ureters?

Answer 13

distension of the bladder forces the orifices shut (physiologic spincter)

Question 14

what is the bladder wall mostly made from? how does this relate to its function?

Answer 14

muscle that helps to retain the shape during stretching without rupture

Question 15

what colour is the spleen and where does it lie?

Answer 15

dark red
left hypochonrium posterior to stomach

Question 15

what colour is the spleen and where does it lie?

Answer 15

dark red
left hypochonrium posterior to stomach

Question 16

who was the most famous contributor to the anatomical and function regions of the face?

Answer 16

sir Charles bell

Question 17

what is the basis of pathology of bells palsy?

Answer 17

generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid formamen (where the facial nerve leaves the skull)

Question 18

which nerve innervates temporals?

Answer 18

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Question 19

what is the significant function of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 19

sensory innervation to most of the face

Question 20

how would you test the integrity of the temporals?

Answer 20

ask patient to clench and palpate over the temporal region

Question 21

what nerve supplies the buccinator?

Answer 21

buccal branch of the facial nerve

Question 22

how would you clinically test the integrity of the buccinator?

Answer 22

pull out cheeks against a closed mouth

Question 23

what common clinical condition affects the buccinator? what effect would this have on patient day to day?

Answer 23

stroke
unable to keep food in mouth and drool

Question 24

what additional gland can be found around the main parotid gland and what % of people is it present in?

Answer 24

accessory parotid gland 20%

Question 25

what 3 structures pass through the parotid gland?

Answer 25

facial nerve retromandibular vein external carotid artery

Question 26

what pathologies may occur in the parotid gland and how would they manifest clinically?

Answer 26

mumps, tumours, inflammation - facial weakness or paralysis

Question 27

what is the function and name of the 2 parts of the obicularis oculi?

Answer 27

orbital part = strong closure of eye palpebral part = soft closure of eye

Question 28

what nerve supplies the obicularis oculi?

Answer 28

temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve

Question 29

if nerve supply to the obicularis oculi was damaged what would be the functional consequences for the patient?

Answer 29

corneal drying or even ulceration and irritation

Question 30

what are the attachments of the master?

Answer 30

zygomatic arch and the mandible

Question 31

what nerve supplies the master?

Answer 31

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 32

how would you clinically test the integrity of the masseter?

Answer 32

ask patient to clench teeth

Question 33

what are the branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland?

Answer 33

temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical

Question 34

what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply?

Answer 34

frontalis and upper eye muscles

Question 35

what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supple?

Answer 35

zygomatic muscles and some elevators of the mouth

Question 36

what does the buccal branch of the trigeminal nerve supply?

Answer 36

buccinator

Question 37

what does the marginal mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve supply?

Answer 37

depressors of the mouth

Question 38

what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply?

Answer 38

platysma

Question 39

what bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through?

Answer 39

petrous temporal bone

Question 40

where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

Answer 40

stylomastoid foramen

Question 41

what set of muscles would you test to diagnose facial palsy?

Answer 41

muscles of facial expression

Question 42

what supplies the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 42

facial nerve

Question 43

what are 2 drugs to treat bells palsy?

Answer 43

Acyclovir and prednisolone

Question 44

where are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus?

Answer 44

ventral rami of C5 to T1

Question 45

what is the purpose of the brachial plexus?

Answer 45

sensory and motor innervation to the upper limbs

Question 46

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

Answer 46

Musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial nerves

Question 47

when can the brachial plexus commonly be injured?

Answer 47

during child birth

Question 48

what is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 48

accessory nerve

Question 49

what does the accessory nerve supply?

Answer 49

sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius

Question 50

if one sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts what happens?

Answer 50

flection/ rotation of the neck to the opposite side

Question 51

if both sternocleidomastoid muscles bilaterally contract?

Answer 51

flexion of the neck

Question 52

what is torticollitis?

Answer 52

excess contraction/shortening of sternocleidomastoid

Question 53

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 53

phrenic nerve

Question 54

what does the sensory portion of the phrenic nerve supply?

Answer 54

mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic peritoneum and pericardium

Question 55

which nerve roots of the phrenic nerve innervate diaphragm?

Answer 55

C3 C4 C5

Question 56

what are the 2 major branches of the common carotid artery?

Answer 56

internal and external

Question 57

what does the internal carotid artery supply?

Answer 57

brain

Question 58

what does the external carotid artery supply?

Answer 58

head and neck

Question 59

at what cervical lever does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Answer 59

C4 or C5

Question 60

why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

Answer 60

due to excess turbulence cause by the change in direction of blood flow

Question 61

what does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

Answer 61

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 62

what supplies the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

Answer 62

chorda tympani nerve branch of facial nerve

Question 63

when may the hypoglossal nerve be sectioned to reinnervate another close by nerve?

Answer 63

hypoglossal facial anastomosis to reinnervate the facial nerve after intermediate length paralysis

Question 64

what problems may occur after hypoglossal facial anastomosis? what is the cure?

Answer 64

contraction of the face during eating or drinking - botox and intense physiotherapy

Question 65

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

Answer 65

endocrine

Question 66

what does the thyroid gland produce ?

Answer 66

T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

Question 67

why are secretions produced by the thyroid gland essential for normal development?

Answer 67

nerve growth and development

Question 68

what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

Answer 68

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 69

what emergency procedure is undertaken between thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

Answer 69

cricothyroidectomy for emergency airway access

Question 70

what is unusual about the hyoid bone?

Answer 70

only bone not attached to any others

Question 71

what is the function of the strap muscles?

Answer 71

depression of the hyoid bone in swallowing

Question 72

what's the function of the digastric muscle?

Answer 72

opens jaw

Question 73

where does the submandibular gland open in the mouth?

Answer 73

opposite the lingual frenulum

Question 74

where does parotid gland enter the oral cavity?

Answer 74

opposite the second upper molar

Question 75

what does the vagus nerve supply?

Answer 75

Pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, GI tract

Question 76

what are the main branches of the vagus nerve?

Answer 76

Superior laryngeal (external and internal branches) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 77

what nerve fibres are in the vagus nerve?

Answer 77

motor and parasympathetic