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laura’s systems > Respi Mechanics > Flashcards

Respi Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide at rest

A

Po2 = 100mmhg
Pco2 = 40mmhg

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2
Q

Exchange rate of o2 and co2 at rest

A

250ml/min oxygen
200ml/min co2

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3
Q

Epithelia type of the upper respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar

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4
Q

Ventilation rate at rest

A

6-7L/min
About 500ml per breath

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5
Q

Cardiac output at rest

A

Blood 5L/min 70bpm 70ml/beat

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6
Q

What happens during quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm moves down, flattens
External intercostal muscles contracts
Ribs are pulled up and out
Volume increase

Expiration is PASSIVE

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7
Q

What happens during strenuous breathing, both inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration - additional inspiration accessory muscles active

Expiration - additional abdominal muscles and internal intercostals muscles contract to oppose relaxation of the external intercostals

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8
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

External
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid (plus other inspiratory accessory muscles)

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9
Q

Muscles of expiration

A

Abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, trans versus abdominis)
Internal Intercostals

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10
Q

Why intraplueral pressure always negative

A

The chest wall always wants to expand and the lungs always want to collapse

Intrapleural pressure is the space between the lungs and chest wall

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11
Q

Tidal volume def

A

The volume of air in each breath (about 500ml/breath)

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12
Q

Why is high intensity breathing less efficient?

A

Gas flow is turbulent, uses more muscles , accessory muscles fatigue easily

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13
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air in the lungs at the end of quiet breathing

Elastic recoil of lung =====outward recoil of chest wall

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration

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15
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

It is the additional amount of air that can be inspired following normal quiet inhalation

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16
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

It is the additional amount of air that can be expelled following normal quiet exhalation

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17
Q

What is Pb

A

Barometric pressure
About 760 mmhg

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18
Q

Conducting airways vs respiratory airways

A

Conducting - upper respiratory tract, about 30%, anatomical dead space, do not participate in gas exchange

Respiratory - gas exchange, terminal bronchioles to alveoli

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19
Q

Structure of the alveoli

A

300-400 million sacs
Polygonal shape
250um diameter
Type 1 and type 2

HAS MACROPHAGES

Large SA
Short diffusion distance

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20
Q

What is the function of type 2 cells

A

Known as septal cells
Secrete surfactant
For surafcetension

Gives lungs ability to expand and prevents collapsing of lungs

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21
Q

2 methods of oxygen transport in the body

A

Dissolved in blood
Main one is bound to haemaglobin

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22
Q

AMOUNT OF O2 IN BLOOD IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2

A
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23
Q

What compound makes up the heme Group

A

Iron porphyrin Conpounds

Each contains iron in the reduced ferrous form

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24
Q

What is the respiratory exchanges ratio

A

Ratio of co2 expired to 02 uptake

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25
Q

What is a normal respiratory ratio

A

0.8

Ie 80co2 to 100 o2

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26
Q

How is co2 transported

A

7% dissolved in plasma

23% bound to haemaglobin (in rbc)

70% converted to bicarbonate (carbonic anhydrase in RBC converts co2 to bicarbonate before it is released at tissues)

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27
Q

How to adjust acidity in blood?

A

Ventilation to adjust pco2 or using kidneys to regulate bicarbonate concentaiotn

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28
Q

What does the FEV1 to FVC ratio represent

A

Percentage of the lung volume expired in 1 second

A normal ratio greater than 70%
Less than 70% = obstructive lung disease
Greater than 70% = restrictive lung disease

Because lung volume decreased

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29
Q

What is the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung diseases

A

Obstructive is blocked airways like emphysema COPD asthma oedema

Restrictive is like lower lung volume, pulmonary fibrosis neuromuscular diseases, religion distress syndrome
Lung volume is 80% or less of a healthy individual

30
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

Changes in pO2 pCO2 pH in blood

31
Q

Where are the PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors located and which nerves relay signals to the NTS?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius

Located in the aortic arch and carotid
Nerves are
Aortic arch - vagus
Carotid - carotid sinus and Glossopharyngeal

32
Q

What do the peripheral and central chemoreceptors detect respectively

A

Peri - Po2 (hypoxia)
LITTLE PART IN CONTROL OF BREATHING , hyperventilation only activated below 60mmhg

Central - pco2 (hypercapnia)
MAJOR role in control of breathing. Very small changes in Pc02 has large effects on ventilation

33
Q

What is a major control in breathing.

A

Central chemoreceptors, pco2

34
Q

Describe the process of breathing

A
35
Q

Which nerve are linked to peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch

A

Vagus

36
Q

Which nerve are linked to peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinuses

A

Glossopharyngeal

37
Q

Define ventilation and perfusion

A

Ventilation - process by which air moves in and out of the lungs
Perfusion - process by which deoxygenated blood passes through the lung and becomes oxygenated

38
Q

Why is ventilation not uniformly distributed in the lung

A

Gravity pulls the lung down, the apex is more expanded than the base, pleural pressure more negative at apex

39
Q

Compliance vs resistance

A

Compliance refers to stretch
Resistance refers to the narrowing or obstruction in the airways

40
Q

Graph of compliance and resistance

A
41
Q

Define physiological dead space

A

Total volume of gas in each breath that does not participate in has exchange so

Anatomical dead space + alveoli that are perfumed but not ventilated

42
Q

Normal v/q ratio in healthy lungs

A

0.8-1.2

43
Q

2 classifications for v/q ratio

A

Single alveolus
Entire lung

44
Q

Single alveolus v/q ratio meaning

A

Alveolar ventilation divided by capillary flow

45
Q

Lung v/q ratio meaning

A

Ventilation of all alveolar divided by cardiac output

46
Q

Fev/fvc ratio in obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

A

Ratio less than 70% in obstructive because FEV decrease

Ratio more than 70% in restrictive because FVC (lung volume) less than 80% of normal

47
Q

Vq ratio of physiological shunt

A

0

48
Q

Where do most anatomical shunt occur

A

In heart , results in hypoxemia

49
Q

Why doesn’t the pCO2 change in the anatomical shunt?

A

The Central chemoreceptors are very sensitive so they increase ventilation to reduce the pco2

50
Q

COPD

A

obstructed airflow
Encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis

51
Q

Emphysema

A

Lungs loose elasticity,
Cannot expand ,
Exhalation is difficult due to decreased elastic recoil

52
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Excessive mucous production
Shortness of breath
Obstructive

53
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scar tissue
Less able to expand, volume decreases
Restrictive

54
Q

Asthma

A

Air flow reduced,
Obstructive
Large amount of mucous produced

55
Q

De\istance between rbc and alveoli

A

1-2um

56
Q

Roughly how many haemoglocbin do we have in our body

A

280milliom

57
Q

2 ways in which oxygen is transported around our body

A

1 dissolved in blood but this makes up super small %

2 carried by haemaglobin

58
Q

What equipment do we use to measure oxygen saturation in blood?

A

Pulse oximeters measures ratio of absorption of red and infrared light by oxyHb and deoxyHb

59
Q

Total blood oxygen capacity per 1L

A

211ml/1L of blood

60
Q

The NTS receives signals from which receptors

A

Baroreceptors +Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus

Mechnoarecptors at the lungs

61
Q

Is NTS dorsal or ventral

A

Dorsal

62
Q

Are rhythm generating neurones dorsal or ventral

A

Ventral

63
Q

Is cystic fibrosis obstructive or restrictive lung disease

A

Cystic fibrosis is a obstructive lung disease

64
Q

Is COPD obstructive or restrictive

A

Obstructive

65
Q

Is neuromuscular lung diseases obstructive or restrictive

A

Restrictive

66
Q

Is emphysema and asthma obstructive or restrictive

A

Obstructive

67
Q

Atelectasis

A

Obstruction of ventilation due to mucous Plugs, blood clot, airway oedema, foreign bodies, tumours in airways

68
Q

What muscles are involved in active exhalation

A

Abdominal and internal intercostal

69
Q

Does the oxyhemoglobin curve shift to the left or right if blood becomes more acidic

A

Shifts to the right

70
Q

Which graph, resistance or compliance, is related to restrictive or obstructive diseases

A

Resistance graph is related to obstructive

Compliance graph is related to restructure diseases

laura’s systems (11 decks)

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