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Laura’s Systems > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of CVS

A

Transport of oxygen and nutrients, removal of metabolic waste
Transport hormones
Maintains constant body temp
Infection and injury
Regulation of fluid and ph

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2
Q

Chordae tendineae function

A

Stringy tissue that connect papillary muscles to value cusps

Does NOT open or close the valves, only prevent it from flapping about/ backflow

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3
Q

Cause of third heart sound

A

Heart defects like valve regurgitation (valve not tight)
Valve stenosis (thickening and stiffening of valve cusps)
Congenital heart defects (valves do not form properly

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4
Q

What phase is often masked on an ECG

A

Atrial diastole masked by ventricular systole

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5
Q

Vascular compliance

A

Change in vol / change in pressure

Ability of vessels to PASSIVELY stretch and recoil in response to changes in pressure

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6
Q

Functions of endothelial cells

A

Inner lining (tunica intima)
Local blood pressure control
Permeability
Platelet and fibrinolysis
Angiogenesis and Bessel remodeling

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7
Q

What is the tunica media made of

A

Layers of elastin fibres and smooth muscle cells

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8
Q

What is the tunica Adventitia/externa made of

A

Thick connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibres

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9
Q

Which tunica layer controls the total peripheral resistance? TPR

A

Tunica media has smooth muscle

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10
Q

Vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

A

Vasodilators - Beta 2 adrenoreceptors, ANP, Nitric oxide, Prostagladin l2

Vasoconstrictors - alpha-1, RAAS, thromboxane A2, endothelin-1

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11
Q

Describe RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

A

Angiotensin II Causes vasoconstriction

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12
Q

Shear stress

A

Force that blood exerts on the vessel walls, due to blood travelling at different velocities

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13
Q

Are blood vessels under constant mechanical load

A

Yes

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14
Q

3 types of capillary systems

A

Continuous (tight intercellular clefts)
Discontinuous (highest permeability due to large clefts and large gaps in basement membrane )
Fenestration

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15
Q

Metarterioles

A

Do not contain smooth muscle, smooth muscle encircles the vessel at intermittent points along its length , pre-capillary sphincter to control blood entering capillaries

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16
Q

Can lymph vessels contract

A

Yes

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17
Q

What does lymphatic system do

A

Maintain fluid volume, moving absorbed fat into circulation , return excess fluid volume from tissue slaves to the circulation

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18
Q

What does lymph system control

A

Conc of proteins in interstitial fluid
Volume of interstitial fluids
Interstitial fluid pressure

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19
Q

Colloid pressure and hydrostatic pressure in the systemic vs pulmonary circulation

A

Hydrostatic pressure higher in systemic than pulmonary

Colloid osmotic pressure same

20
Q

Pulmonary Oedema

A

Excess fluid in lungs that collects in the alveoli

21
Q

3 mechanisms of intrinsic control (blood flow matches metabolic requirement of that particular tissue)

A

Autoregulation
Reactive hyperemia
Active hyperemia

22
Q

What is active hyperemia

A

Blood flow is proportional to tissue’s metabolic activity like increased blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise

23
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

Oxygen debt accumulates and greater post blood flow above pre-vessel occlusion levels until oxygen debt is reversed

24
Q

Factors that determine resistance to blood flow

A

Vessel diameter, length and viscosity of blood

25
Q

What does Poiseulle’s equation assume

A

It assumes that
1 tube is straight uniform pipe
2 fluid is non-pulsatable
3 flow is smooth (laminar flow)

26
Q

What aids venous return to the heart?

A

Skeletal muscles contracting , compressing veins.
Intra thoracic pressure becomes more negative , pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins becomes bigger?

27
Q

Chronotropy inotropy lusitropy dromotropy

A

Chronotropy - hr
Inotropy - strength
Lusitropy - rate of relaxation
Dromotropy - conduction speed through AVN

28
Q

Clinical relavance of circle of Willis

A

Preserve cerebral perfusion if carotid artery obstruction occurs

29
Q

Tonic sympathetic vasoconstriction function

A

Ensure that TPR does not decrease excessively due to too much vasodilation during exercise

30
Q

Local vasodilators in muscle

A

Lactate adenosine potassium

31
Q

As viscosity increases, does the velocity of flow increase or decrease to a maximum at the centre?

A

Flow in the middle is maximum

32
Q

What is a normal blood pressure

A

85-100mmhg

33
Q

Does hypocapnia stimulate vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

Hypocapnia is the lack of CARBON DIOXIDE. (Think too much oxygen even tho it’s wrong concept). Too much oxygen so vasoconstriction

34
Q

Molarity vs osmolarity

A

Molarity is the number of molecules in solution and osmolarity depends on the number of particles (IONS AND MOLECULES) in solution

Ions are the dissociations of the molecules

35
Q

What is often referred to as a physiological or isotonic saline

A

0.9% NACL solution

36
Q

RBC haemolyse in what type of solution

A

Detergent
Hypotonic

37
Q

How to tell if haemolysis has occured?

A

If the solution turns coloured and transparent because the red pigment that is released absorbs the light and does not disperse the light

38
Q

Do ruptured erythrocytes disperse light ?

A

NO THATS WHY Transparent, coloured solution

39
Q

Urea isotonic and osmotic related to blood plasma

A

Urea is isosmotic but not isotonic that’s why rbc swell and burst

40
Q

For a solution to be isotonic with blood plasma, what conditions must be fulfilled

A
  1. Isosmotic
  2. Solutes must be impermeable (like urea crystals and surf rose )
41
Q

The magnitude of DBP fall is dependent on what 3 variables (think about the arterial pressure waveform graphs)

A
  1. Systolic BP
  2. Rate of fall of BP
  3. Time before next heart beat
42
Q

Does venous return rise or fall when standing up abruptly

A

Falls due to venous pooling at legs due to gravity

43
Q

What artery do you pulpate and what artery do you look for for shygometry

A

Radial
Bronchial

44
Q

Does ecg tell you about the rhythm regularity and force of contraction

A

Not for contraction only for rhythm, regularity and total electrical activity

45
Q

When does the heart receive blood

A

Diastole because the blood is compressed during systole and unable to reach myocardium

46
Q

What is the aortic knuckle

A

It is the prominence as the aorta changes direction in the chest

47
Q

What type of artery is the aorta

A

Elastic

Laura’s Systems (11 decks)

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