RESP MX PART II Flashcards

1
Q

three primary functions of the nasal cavities?

A

warm inhaled air

humidify air to prevent dehydration

filter air

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2
Q

what produces our ability to make sounds?

A

vocal ligaments and vocal processes vibrating

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3
Q

how are bronchioles maintained in an open state?

A

by the same negative intrapleural pressure which keeps alveoli inflated

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4
Q

the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are made of what type of muscle? except for

A

smooth muscle

bronchiole going to the alveoli which has none

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5
Q

what happens to the respiratory system like the air passages in patients with obstructive lung diseases?

A

excessive smooth muscle contraction in the smaller bronchi and bronchioles

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6
Q

what is the pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveoli?

A

1 cm H2O

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7
Q

where is the greatest resistance to flow?

A

larger bronchi because there isn’t many of them

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8
Q

in disease conditions, which lung passages become key resistance points?

A

smaller bronchioles because

1) small diameters make them easier to occlude
2) high smooth muscle content makes for constriction

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9
Q

sympathetic innervation causes?

A

bronchodilation mediated by adrenergic B2 receptors

epinephrine and norepinephrine from the medulla

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10
Q

parasympathetic innervation causes? what drug is used to reverse this?

A

bronchoconstriction occurs from acetylcholine

atropine

*usually sparse but have vagal efferents

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11
Q

what are the potent mediators of bronchoconstriction?

A

histamine and reactive substance from mast cells amplified even more by local irritants

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12
Q

sneezing is triggered by what nerve? how does this work?

A

cranial nerve V to the medulla

uvula is depressed forcing airflow through nasal cavity to clear the triggering stimulus

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13
Q

what is blood pressure in the systemic circulation?

A

120/80, arterial pressure

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14
Q

what is blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation?

A

25/8, venous pressure

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15
Q

mean arterial blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation is _____? Pulse pressure here is _____?

A

15 mmHg

17 mmHg

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16
Q

how much blood is in the lungs?

A

450 ml of blood

70 ml in capillaries
190 ml in arteries
190 ml in veins

17
Q

affect of systemic hypoxia on the blood vessels? pulmonary hypoxia

A

vasodilation in the hypoxic environment

the poorly ventilated vessels stop getting blood flow because of increased local resistance and the blood is shunted to alveoli which are well ventilated

18
Q

diseases that overwhelm the lymphatics causing pulmonary edema?

A

left ventricular heart failure
mitral valve stenosis causing buildup in the left ventricle increasing CHP
pneumonia
toxic gas inhalation