CARDIOVASULAR RESPONES TO EXERCISE

Question 1

what is the cardiovascular response to exercise?

Answer 1

increase muscle contraction which increases metabolic demand

Question 2

what is the regulation used if just a small group of muscles are worked?

what is the effect if many muscle groups are used like in running?

Answer 2

local regulation to respond in decrease in oxygen and increase in adenosine production

increase cardiac output occurs as result of vasodilation in the capillary beds from local regulation decreasing the TPR decreasing BP affecting blood flow

Question 3

what is the effect of sympathetics on exercise?

Answer 3

increase stroke volume and heart rate increasing cardiac output

also, vasoconstriction increases TPR

Question 4

why do sympathetics fire during exercise?

Answer 4

activated by the premotor cortex causing the muscle contraction

Question 5

what is the increase in blood flow to muscles from exercise?

what is the effect in severe bleeding? if prolonged?

Answer 5

20x increase in blood flow to muscles with small to moderate increase in systolic pressure and MABP

vasoconstriction occurs with severe bleeding but in the brain, heart, lungs
necrosis and toxicity

Question 6

main causes of hypertension?

Answer 6

hyper secretion of renin

acute neurogenic hypertension

essential hypertension

Question 7

juxtaglomerular tumor and renal artery stenosis is a result of?

Answer 7

hypersecretion of renin due to too little volume

Question 8

strong sympathetic outflow leads to _____?

Answer 8

acute neurogenic hypertension due to too little volume and too much blood in the arteries so thus increase cardiac output and decrease vascular volume

Question 9

this is due to 90-95% of hypertensive cases, causes are largely unknown and associated with excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle, i.e. obesity

Answer 9

essential primary hypertension

Question 10

what is the effect of obesity?

Answer 10

increase cardiac output to meet adipose demands

increase sympathetic firing due to increase leptin

symp stim renin to increase angio II

increase in arterial pressure causes kidney to decrease urine formation to increase blood volume

Question 11

what can we use to treat hypertension?

Answer 11

decrease blood volume
decrease blood volume in arteries
increase vascular volume

Question 12

how do we decrease blood volume?

Answer 12

diuretics

Question 13

how do we decrease blood volume in the arteries?

Answer 13

decrease CO with B1 antagonists

Question 14

how do we increase vascular volume?

Answer 14

Ca channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
alpha 1 antagonists

Question 15

as heart rate increases the percent of time per min increase or decrease for diastole or systole? this affects flow where?

Answer 15

decreases

diastole

coronary blood flow

Question 16

what regulates coronary flow? what happens if this is occluded?

Answer 16

decrease oxygen or increase in adenosine

patient gets ischemic, decrease ATP production, depolarization failure leading to risk of circus rhythm causing fibrillation

Question 17

what is the term for the event when a piece of plaque breaks loose and occludes the vessel downstream?

Answer 17

acute coronary artery occlusion

Question 18

ischemic part of heart develops and is described as crushing chest pain and is produced by lactate, histamine, bradykinin?

what is this condition called

Answer 18

angina pectoris

Question 19

how do we treat angina pectoris?

Answer 19

vasodilation to decrease afterloads

nitroglycerin for quick response or beta blockers used as a slower treatment

Question 20

this condition develops over time and heart becomes gradually weaker which can affect right ventricle or left ventricle, no cure

what is this syndrome?

Answer 20

heart failure

Question 21

drugs used to treat decompensated phase of heart failure?

Answer 21

digitalis

shock

Question 22

what is shock?

caused by?

Answer 22

inadequate blood flow throughout body due to decrease CO or increase vascular volume

heart problems (decrease CO)

decreased venous return

Question 23

what does shock result in?

Answer 23

decrease blood flow to heart and brain

Question 24

what are the types of shock?

Answer 24

toxic shock
hypovolemic shock
neurogenic shock
anaphylactic shock

Question 25

name this shock

endotoxins from bacteria

Answer 25

toxic shock

Question 26

name this shock

profound blood loss

Answer 26

hypovolemic shock

Question 27

name this shock

venous dilation from deep anesthesia

Answer 27

neurogenic shock

Question 28

name this shock

allergic response causing mast cells to release histamines

Answer 28

anaphylactic shock

Question 29

how do we treat shock?

Answer 29

increase venous return

sympathomimetic drugs

administer oxygen

Question 30

this disease is a result of a stiffened valve that doesn’t open as a result of stenosis and so the heart has to increase pressure to pump the same SV, sounds are turbulent; note that blood flows back through valve known as regurgitation

Answer 30

valvular disease