CARDIO HIGH YIELD Flashcards
for an electrical axis what is the range in degrees for a normal health?
20-100 degrees
what position can the body be to shift the electrical axis to the right?
laying on the right side
what does it mean when the lies outside the normal range?
pathology
pathologies that indicate a left shift in axis, less 20 degrees?
left ventricular hypertrophy
pathologies that indicate a right shift in axis, greater than 120 degrees?
right ventricular hypertrophy
cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?
systemic hypertension
aortic stenosis
aortic regurgitation
congenital problems
cause of right ventricular hypertrophy?
pulmonary hypertension
pulmonary valve stenosis
inter ventricular septal defect
bundle branch block
what other indicator readings from an EKG indicate abnormalities?
injury potential
inverted T waves
arrythmias
name this EKG abnormality:
damaged cells depolarize and stay depolarize
- shifts EKG baseline
- measured and plotted to locate damaged area
injury potential
name this EKG abnormality:
-may indicate left bundle branch block or mild ischemia at base of ventricle, or digitalis toxicity
inverted T wave
name this EKG abnormality:
includes errors in normal sinus rhythms, conduction blockades and abnormal depolarization
arrythmias
what are the examples of the abnormal sinus rhythm?
tachycardia
bradycardia
sinus arrhythmia
what are the types of conduction blocks studied in class?
SA block
AV block
name this conduction block?
pretty rare
SA node doesn’t discharge
No P wave so AV node takes over
SA block
name this conduction block?
ischemia of the AV node or bundle of his
irritation of bundle
high vagal output
3 types
AV block
name this AV block:
slowed conduction through the AV node
increased PR interval
1 degree AV block
name this AV block:
not all P waves penetrate the AV node
PP intervals are constant but missing some QRS
PR intervals are constant
2 degree AV block
name this AV block:
complete block of AV node conduction
ventricular pacemaker takes over
PP and RR intervals constant
PR intervals changing
atrial pace 100 bpm
ventricular pace 40 bpm
3 degree AV block
name this syndrome?
special type of 3 degree heart block block not constant caused by mild ischemia delay of 5-30 seconds -block begins and ventricles delayed before they take over on own, no blood to brain so pacemaker installed
stokes-dams syndrome
examples of abnormal depolarizations?
PAC PVC Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia atrial fibrillation atrial flutter ventricular fibrillation cardia arrest
name this abnormal depolarization
caused by lack of sleep, mold ischemia, smoke, alcohol, caffeine
cause by spontaneous atrial depolarization and sudden P, QRS-T
one time event
shortened PR interval
longer delay to next p wave
PAC
name this abnormal depolarization
like PAC but occurs in the ventricles
prolonged and large QRS with inverted T
frequent PVCs indicate ischemic area in ventricle, but PACs and PVCs are seen commonly in healthy individuals
PVC
name this abnormal depolarization
sudden onset fast HR originating in atria
-last seconds to hours
-abnormal P waves because new pacemaker
–QRS-T are normal
-increase risk of circus rhythms in rhythms
caused by irritants
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
name this abnormal depolarization
serious rapid PVCs leads to ischemic cardiac damage ventricular fibrillation irritants, mild ischemia, digitalis overdose
paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia treatment?
increase vagal outflow massage carotid sinus press on eyes valsalva maneuver quinidine or lidocaine
name this abnormal depolarization
enlargement of atria can lead to prolonged conduction path leading to circus rhythm development to uncoordinated patches of depolarization
no P waves
rapid QRS, AV node bombarded by depolarization
atrial fibrillation
name this abnormal depolarization
circus rhythm before it produces into atrial fib
atrial HR up to 200-250 bpm by only 1 in 3 penetrate the AV node
like with AFib, atrial pumping is basically lost
atrial flutter
name this abnormal depolarization
must be treated within 1-3 minutes
ventricular patches depolarize at different times, no effective ventricular pumping
electric shock or cardiac ischemia can cause this producing circus rhythm and reentry phenom
no QRS or T waves
treated with electricity and repeat if the SA node doesn’t take over in 30-5 seconds
ventricular fibrillation
name this abnormal depolarization
no electrical activity
need external electrical stimulus to restart and CPR to get perfusions
cardiac arrest
