CARDIO HIGH YIELD

Question 1

for an electrical axis what is the range in degrees for a normal health?

Answer 1

20-100 degrees

Question 2

what position can the body be to shift the electrical axis to the right?

Answer 2

laying on the right side

Question 3

what does it mean when the lies outside the normal range?

Answer 3

pathology

Question 4

pathologies that indicate a left shift in axis, less 20 degrees?

Answer 4

left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 5

pathologies that indicate a right shift in axis, greater than 120 degrees?

Answer 5

right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 6

cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?

Answer 6

systemic hypertension
aortic stenosis
aortic regurgitation
congenital problems

Question 7

cause of right ventricular hypertrophy?

Answer 7

pulmonary hypertension
pulmonary valve stenosis
inter ventricular septal defect
bundle branch block

Question 8

what other indicator readings from an EKG indicate abnormalities?

Answer 8

injury potential
inverted T waves
arrythmias

Question 9

name this EKG abnormality:

damaged cells depolarize and stay depolarize

• shifts EKG baseline
• measured and plotted to locate damaged area

Answer 9

injury potential

Question 10

name this EKG abnormality:

-may indicate left bundle branch block or mild ischemia at base of ventricle, or digitalis toxicity

Answer 10

inverted T wave

Question 11

name this EKG abnormality:

includes errors in normal sinus rhythms, conduction blockades and abnormal depolarization

Answer 11

arrythmias

Question 12

what are the examples of the abnormal sinus rhythm?

Answer 12

tachycardia
bradycardia
sinus arrhythmia

Question 13

what are the types of conduction blocks studied in class?

Answer 13

SA block

AV block

Question 14

name this conduction block?

pretty rare
SA node doesn’t discharge
No P wave so AV node takes over

Answer 14

SA block

Question 15

name this conduction block?

ischemia of the AV node or bundle of his
irritation of bundle
high vagal output
3 types

Answer 15

AV block

Question 16

name this AV block:

slowed conduction through the AV node
increased PR interval

Answer 16

1 degree AV block

Question 17

name this AV block:

not all P waves penetrate the AV node
PP intervals are constant but missing some QRS
PR intervals are constant

Answer 17

2 degree AV block

Question 18

name this AV block:

complete block of AV node conduction
ventricular pacemaker takes over
PP and RR intervals constant
PR intervals changing

atrial pace 100 bpm
ventricular pace 40 bpm

Answer 18

3 degree AV block

Question 19

name this syndrome?

special type of 3 degree heart block
block not constant
caused by mild ischemia 
delay of 5-30 seconds 
-block begins and ventricles delayed before they take over on own, no blood to brain so pacemaker installed

Answer 19

stokes-dams syndrome

Question 20

examples of abnormal depolarizations?

Answer 20

PAC
PVC
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
atrial fibrillation
atrial flutter
ventricular fibrillation
cardia arrest

Question 21

name this abnormal depolarization

caused by lack of sleep, mold ischemia, smoke, alcohol, caffeine
cause by spontaneous atrial depolarization and sudden P, QRS-T
one time event
shortened PR interval
longer delay to next p wave

Answer 21

PAC

Question 22

name this abnormal depolarization

like PAC but occurs in the ventricles
prolonged and large QRS with inverted T
frequent PVCs indicate ischemic area in ventricle, but PACs and PVCs are seen commonly in healthy individuals

Answer 22

PVC

Question 23

name this abnormal depolarization

sudden onset fast HR originating in atria
-last seconds to hours
-abnormal P waves because new pacemaker
–QRS-T are normal
-increase risk of circus rhythms in rhythms
caused by irritants

Answer 23

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

Question 24

name this abnormal depolarization

serious
rapid PVCs
leads to ischemic cardiac damage
ventricular fibrillation
irritants, mild ischemia, digitalis overdose

Answer 24

paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia

Question 25

paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia treatment?

Answer 25

increase vagal outflow
massage carotid sinus
press on eyes
valsalva maneuver
quinidine or lidocaine

Question 26

name this abnormal depolarization

enlargement of atria can lead to prolonged conduction path leading to circus rhythm development to uncoordinated patches of depolarization

no P waves
rapid QRS, AV node bombarded by depolarization

Answer 26

atrial fibrillation

Question 27

name this abnormal depolarization

circus rhythm before it produces into atrial fib
atrial HR up to 200-250 bpm by only 1 in 3 penetrate the AV node
like with AFib, atrial pumping is basically lost

Answer 27

atrial flutter

Question 28

name this abnormal depolarization

must be treated within 1-3 minutes
ventricular patches depolarize at different times, no effective ventricular pumping
electric shock or cardiac ischemia can cause this producing circus rhythm and reentry phenom
no QRS or T waves
treated with electricity and repeat if the SA node doesn’t take over in 30-5 seconds

Answer 28

ventricular fibrillation

Question 29

name this abnormal depolarization

no electrical activity
need external electrical stimulus to restart and CPR to get perfusions

Answer 29

cardiac arrest