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A-level Geography (Hancock) > Resources PMT > Flashcards

Resources PMT Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a resource?

A

A resource is any type of asset, commodity or item which has value to enhance the quality ofhuman life or help it function more effectively

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2
Q

What is a stock Resource?

A

Finite and will run out eventually e.g. fossil fuels.

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3
Q

What is a Flow resource?

A

Infinite and can be replenished and renewed e.g. biofuel.

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4
Q

What is a Natural resource?

A

are those that exist without human intervention and can include stock and
flow resources.

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5
Q

What are the processes of explorations?

A

Inferred resources
Possible resources
Indicated resources
Measured resources

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6
Q

What is an Inferred resource?

A

Economic viability

of resource is uncertain

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7
Q

What is a Possible resource?

A

Expected that
inferred resource could
become indicated with
further exploration

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8
Q

What is an Indicated resource?

A

Conditions and location of resource can be predicted to allow initial planning

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9
Q

What is exploration?

A

is the process of searching for available resources and then upgrading the resource
from inferred to measured if appropriate

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10
Q

Why are resources difficult to find?

A

Resources are difficult to find due to their uneven
global distribution, but new technologies such as remote sensing, allow more efficient
exploration.

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11
Q

What is exploitation?

A

is the process of extracting the material from the ground and its use is
dependent on the economic viability of a resource

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12
Q

What does exploitation vary due to?

A
  • Grade of Deposit
  • Geological struture of the Ground
  • Proximity to Markets
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13
Q

How does exploitation vary due to Grade of deposit?

A
  • High grade deposit is more viable
  • Quantity of high grade ore decreases, as more resources are exploited
  • Remaining high grade deposits are difficult to access/exploit
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14
Q

How does exploitation vary due to Geological structure of the ground?

A
  • Resources close to the surface are easier and cheaper to exploit in open pit mining.
  • Resistant rock will take longer and be more expensive to exploit
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15
Q

How does exploitation vary due to Proximity to Markets?

A
  • Stock resources are often bulky, so large travel distances have a cost.
  • For more expensive materials such as diamond, this is less important
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16
Q

What is a resource frontier?

A

is the boundary between exploited areas and areas considered too difficult to
exploit under current political and technological conditions

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17
Q

Why are resource frontiers changing?

A

Resource frontiers are changing as technology advances to allow new area to be exploited.

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18
Q

WHat are changing/warmer climates leading to?

A

Changing/warmer climates may allow areas such as Antarctica to be exploited.

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19
Q

What will happen to resources overtime?

A

The amount of the resource being extracted will vary over time

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20
Q

What is the long-term tend of peak oil known as?

A

Hubbert’s Curve

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21
Q

What does the Hubbert curve show?

A

Production increases exponentially until it peaks around

halfway through available resources and is followed by decreasing production.

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22
Q

Do all patterns of production follow the hubbert curve?

A

Not all production follows this curve precisely ,

However, on a global scale, the production will follow the bell-shaped curve.

There will be fluctuations from the expected curve and recent data on global oil production
demonstrates this

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23
Q

When is the expected peak in oil?

A

It is predicted that in 2030, peak oil will occur.

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24
Q

The rime at which peak production occurs is dependent on?

A

● The availability and discovery of reserves
● Development of new technologies
● Demand for the resource (may decrease or increase suddenly as a result of research into a
material or new uses that are found for a material). How will electric vehicles affect the
demand for oil in ten years time?
● Grade of available resources

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25
Q

What does sustainable refer to?

A

Sustainable refers to the ability to keep something going in the long-term.

It can refer to the
production of a stock resource and involve environmental, social, economic and political
factors

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26
Q

What does sustainable resource development involve?

A

involves long-term planning that ensures extraction does not increase too quickly or rise to unsustainable levels.

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27
Q

What will sustainable resource development ensure?

A

It will ensure that
workers are protected in future and there is a plan for when the resource can no longer be exploited and the facility will close, though the aim is to prolong this point for as long as possible.

28
Q

What is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ?

A

EIA’s are used to assess the possible environmental impacts of a resource development
project and should be completed before the project is approved

29
Q

What does an EIA state?

A

It states the potential
environmental disturbances caused by a project across different areas of the environment ,from the flora and fauna to the physical landscape.

30
Q

What a EIA suggest?

A

. It suggests ways to mitigate and reduce any

environmental impacts.

31
Q

Why might a project not be approved after a EIA?

A

A project may not be approved if the environmental costs are too high,
though money for a project is likely to dominate over any environmental worries

32
Q

What does a EIA led to?

A

An EIA leads
to an Environmental Impacts Statement (EIS) . An EIS and EIA are mandatory in many
developed countries and in some less developed countries, though it depends on the project type
and company proposing the project.

33
Q

What should an EIA include?

A

● Project description
● Consideration of alternatives
● Description of the environment
● Environmental impacts of the project
● Mitigation of potential issues and monitoring strategies
● Non-technical summary to be understandable by the general public
● Areas for further research into the potential impacts, where there are gaps in current knowledge

34
Q

How have Global renewable

internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters) decreased since 1962?

A

13,206 in 1962 to

5,925 in 2014

35
Q

How much is water demand expected to go up by?

A

55% by 2050

36
Q

What is water stress?

A

Demand exceeds the available amount of clean, non-polluted water during a certain period. Leads to over-exploitation of long-term water stores such as aquifers. Quality of available water decreases due to eutrophication. Renewable water in a country decreases to less than 1700m3 per capita.

37
Q

What is water scarcity?

A

When annual renewable supplies in a country drop below 1000m3 per capita.
When water needs cannot be fully satisfied across different sectors.

38
Q

What is economic Scarcity?

A

countries have enough available water supplies but due to economic restrictions cannot exploit these reserves of water.

39
Q

What is an example of Economic Scarcity?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa and the underground rivers.

Some LIC’s have water reserved but no resourced to exploit them.

40
Q

What is Physical Scarcity?

A

Demands of population exceeds the available water resources of a region.

41
Q

Give an example of Physical Scarcity?

A

Yemen.

Affects more than 1.2 billion people.

42
Q

What is Absolute Scarcity?

A

Less than 500m3 of water per person in a country per year.

43
Q

Give an example of Absolute scarcity

A

Egypt.

By 2025, 1.8 billion people could be affected by absolute water scarcity.

44
Q

How is water distributed across the world?

A

Water is distributed unevenly across the globe. 66% of the world’s population only have access
to 25% of the world’s annual rainfall.

Conflict can further limit accessibility to water sources.

45
Q

Why has demand for water increased?

A 
●Population Growth 
- More people requires more water
● Socio-Economic Factors
 -Growing middle class population
● Development
 - Greater demand in industry and agriculture
46
Q

Why is the supply unable to meet demand?

A 
●Aquifers are being over-exploited
● Water is being utilised in long-term
stores, faster than it is being
recharged 
● Climate change is causing extended
drought periods
● Water tables are decreasing
47
Q

What are the methods to increase water security?

A 
Storage 
Diversion 
Water Transfer 
Desalination
Catchment
48
Q

What are different ways water can be made sustainable?

A 
Recycling Wastewater​ ​
● GM Crops​ 
● Plasticulture ​- 
● Catchment ​-​ 
● Reduce Leakages ​-
● Food Consumption ​- ​
● Appliances​ ​-
● Water Meter​ ​-
49
Q

What is grey water?

A

Greywater recycling is the process of ​reusing water from washing machines, showers and sinks​, that may be dirty, but is ​clean enough to be used for irrigating plants in gardens.

Greywater may be cleaned for reuse as water in washing machines and toilets, but this is expensive​, so most users are industrial who have ​more money and/or a larger water demand​.

50
Q

What is Rainwater Harvesting Systems?

A

Store water collected by roofs, clean it (if necessary) and transfer it to the mains supply of a home. ​Rainwater​ is cleaner and safer to use than ​greywater​.
New technologies such as the ​Lifestraw may be a human method to increase water supply on a

51
Q

What is Virtual water trade?

A

refers to the process of ​trading items that have a water footprint.

52
Q

What is water conflict?

A

concerns any disagreement between countries or different groups over water resources, and may lead to ​violence at any level​, from protests to war.

53
Q

What are the causes of water conflict?

A

Terrorism​ - Attacking water infrastructure such as dams for terrorism related motives

● Development​ - Communities may oppose infrastructure such as dams

● Water Shortages - Protests over water shortages if water is distributed unevenly between
different community groups

● Political​ - Water supplies cut off to create a political tool for use in negotiations

54
Q

What is energy mix?

A

refers to the ​range and proportion of energy produced by methods of production. The ​global energy mix is ​dominated by fossil fuels​

55
Q

What is Primary sources?

A

sources produce energy by using a ​raw material​,

56
Q

What is secondary sources?

A

​modified primary energy sources which are easier to use. E.g. oil into petrol and coal into electricity.

57
Q

How much does coal account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer?

A

Stock resource that accounts for 27% of global energy production. Usage is ​decreasing as China shifts its energy mix away from coal and less polluting energy sources are used.

Most production occurring in China, ahead of the USA and India.

58
Q

How much does Oil account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer and consumer?

A

Stock resource that accounts for 32% of global energy production. Usage is still increasing as global energy demand increases.

Most usage in USA, China and India and greatest production in the USA, Saudi Arabia and Russia

59
Q

How much does natural gas account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer and consumer?

A

Stock resource​, with only 50% of the carbon emissions of coal and accounts for 22% of global energy production, which is ​increasing year on year.

Highest production in USA, Russia and Iran and greatest consumption in USA, Russia and China.

60
Q

How much does uranium account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer and consumer?

A

​Stock resource with very low carbon footprint that accounts for around 4% of global energy production, with most production in Kazakhstan and greatest amount of nuclear fission energy produced in the USA. Production likely to​ increase​ in future.

61
Q

How much does Biomass account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer and consumer?

A

Flow resource​. In many LIC’s biomass is burned to produce energy. Burning organic matter such as wood is very inefficient.

However biomass produces a large proportion of energy in LIC’s, though it makes up a low proportion of worldwide energy consumption.

In HIC countries, biomass is being used more efficiently to produce energy, such as in biodiesel. Overall ​decrease​ in use on a global scale.

62
Q

How much does Hydroelectric power account for and how is it changing?

Who is the main producer and consumer?

A

Flow resource​. Water drives turbines to produce electricity and is very efficient​. Hydropower has been used for many years as a ​renewable energy​, but only accounts for a small percentage of global energy production. Expected to ​increase globally, but with decreases in some HIC’s.

63
Q

How is Solar changing?

A

Solar energy usage is ​increasing rapidly year on year as the technologies for solar power become cheaper. China has the largest installed capacity, though production is much lower due to climatic conditions. Growth in LIC countries as technology becomes cheaper.

64
Q

How is wind changing?

A

Other than hydropower and biomass, produces the most energy of renewable sources, with greatest production and capacity in China. Technology is also spreading to LIC countries and offshore is ​increasing​ too.

65
Q

How is geothermal changing?

A

Very efficient and reliable and operates all year round day and night. Popular in countries with volcanic setting and likely to ​increase as technology spreads to LIC’s. Currently does not contribute a large amount to the global energy mix.

A-level Geography (Hancock) (16 decks)

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