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A-level Geography (Hancock) > Global Knowledge test > Flashcards

Global Knowledge test Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation [2]

A

Increasing interconnectedness [1];

widening/deepening/speeding up [1];

variety of dimensions (cultural/economic/political) [1]

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2
Q

Give an example of the Economic dimensions of globalisation

A

international trade, foreign direct investment, transnational corporations, global money exchanges , global marketing

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3
Q

Give an example of the Cultural dimensions of globalisation

A

universalisation of culture; glocalisation of products; westernisation; cultural influences (food)

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4
Q

Give an example of the Political dimensions of globalisation

A

global governance; growth of western democracies and their influences/decline of centralised communist economies

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5
Q

Give an example of the Social dimensions of globalisation

A

social networks, migrant families; diaspora

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6
Q

Give an example of the Biological dimensions of globalisation

A

globalised health risks; invasive species, Pandemics

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7
Q

Outline the direction and nature of flows and capital

A

Capital flows (movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or to produce goods/services) - e.g.

FDI: HIC > LIC (increasingly NIC > LIC).
Repatriation of profits: LICs > HICs (TNCS repatriate profits).

Aid: HIC > LIC

Remittances: HICs > LICs

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8
Q

Outline the flow of Raw Materials

A

LICs > NICs/HICs

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9
Q

Outline the flow of Low value manufactured

A

NIC > HIC

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10
Q

Outline the flow of High value manufactured

A

HIC > NIC/LIC

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11
Q

Outline the flow of Labour

A

LIC/NIC > HIC (but NICs such as Gulf states and Tiger economies are more popular)

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12
Q

Outline the flow of Services

A

High level services (insurance) - HIC > HIC; low level services (call centres): NIC/HIC > HIC

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13
Q

Outline the flow of Information

A

HIC > NIC/LIC

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14
Q

Outline the flow of technology

A

Advances HIC > NIC/LIC (TNC investment in infrastructure)

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15
Q

Glocalisation

A

product developed and distributed globally but adjusted to be specific to local consumers.

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16
Q

Global shift

A

movement of manufacturing from developed countries to lower wage economies (deindustrialisation of LICs).

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17
Q

What is interdependence

A

places become increasingly dependent on one another ( what happens in one place increasingly impacts on other places/they rely on each other- events in different parts of a system affect each other).

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18
Q

An example of Economic interdependence

A

reliance for economic growth - international trade (only produce comparative advantage); remittances; financial crisis; trade blocs

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19
Q

An example of Social interdependence

A

migration/diaspora

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20
Q

An example of Political interdependence

A

global governance e.g. 2015-16 European migrant crisis

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21
Q

How have the changes to the financial system and production promoted globalisation

Financial systems:

A

Deregulation of financial markets (removal of government control)

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22
Q

How have the changes to the financial system and production promoted globalisation

Production

A

Outsourcing
Economies of Scale
Just in time production

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23
Q

How has changing technology promoted globalisation- Give 3 ways

A

development of the internet (rapid movement of information/tecn/capital - TNCs, westernisation)

improvements in travel (allows for increased movement of goods/people > migration) [1]

containerisation (reduces transport costs, boost trade as transport costs don’t cancel out comparative +ve)

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24
Q

Give an argument for and against the importance of changing technology for promoting globalisation

A

Containerisation:

+ reduced transport costs by 70% hence boost trade as transport costs less likely to cancel out gains from comparative advantage.

  • Concern re atmospheric pollution > may need to introduce green taxes on shipping.
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25
Q

Give an argument for the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation

A

common external tariffs and lower internal barriers > trade within bloc is more competitive > trade increases (implementation of NAFTA exports from the US to Canada and Mexico tripled $142 million to $452 billion (1993))

increase movement of labour (free movement Schengen agreement)

increase negotiating power of members

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26
Q

Give an argument against the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation

A

trade diversion [1]; trade disputes between blocs (as fight for regional interests) [1]; trade blocs can break down and have disputes between themselves [1].

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27
Q

Outsourcing

A

companies arrange for goods to be produced by other companies usually at lower cost locations.

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28
Q

What are the impacts of outsourcing?

A

de-industrialisation of HICs

> de-multiplier effect/loss of jobs (UK lost 50% of manufacturing jobs 1983-2003)

structural unemployment (skill set of local workers no longer compatible with jobs available)

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29
Q

How have unequal flows of labour created inequality?

A

brain drain from LICs (specialised workers move to HICs which benefit/LICs economy declines)

rural-urban migration increasing poverty in rural areas)

dependence on remittances and lack of alternative income

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30
Q

How have unequal flows of capital created inequality?

A

foreign aid dependency with little development of manufacturing

dependency on aid/remittances can cause issues if it stops

aid can fund armed groups/conflict [1]; F

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31
Q

Why do HICs dominate world trade? Have better market access?

A

Infrastructure is similar and well-developed, including a high tele-density rate. [1]

High-value products (not primary) - N.b. issues with primary products- volatile etc. [1

High market volume - wealthy middle classes (high disposable income). [1]

Geographical proximity. [1]

Party to trade and tax agreements and trade blocs. [1

Literacy rate is high and similarly high skill level. [1]

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32
Q

Give 2 economic impacts of poor market access?

A

dependent on low value primary products

less foreign direct investment (as uncompetitive)

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33
Q

Give 2 social impacts of poor market access?

A

less employment opportunities and less disposable income

less money invested in health/education/infrastructure so lower quality of life

often poorly paid work and workers exploited [1].

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34
Q

Race to the bottom:

A

countries /businesses compete to attract FDI/TNCs therefore cut wages, labour regulations and environmental restrictions.

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35
Q

Comparative advantage:

A

products a country can produce at a lower opportunity cost (the loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen) than others.

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36
Q

Special economic zone:

A

areas with different trade and investment rules to the rest of a country e.g. companies investing there may pay lower taxes on land and goods. SEZs increase trade while keeping barriers in the rest of the country.

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37
Q

Primary product dependency:

A

A country, usually a LIC which relies on one, or a very small number of raw material for its export earnings.

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38
Q

What are the problems with primary product dependency

A

volatile prices as supply fluctuates but demand remains the same [1];

supplies are finite [1];

discourages investment in other areas/less diversification of manufacturing [1];

resource curse (corruption/war as tension of expensive resources [1];

monopoly power [1];

easy wealth reduces economic development elsewhere as appreciation in currency > decline in competitiveness [1]).

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39
Q

Give 5 ways world trade patterns have changed since the 1980’s?

A

increased (x8 since 1980s)

increase in intra-corporate trade (40%)

triadic structure (80% between Europe, North America and Asia ) 
developing nations still dominate but emerging economies now challenge G7

trans-pacific trade is now growing faster than trans-atlantic trade
slower growth of LICs (1995 African countries accounted for 2% of world trade - 2010=3%)

most trade remains intra-regional (2006 74% of international trade in Europe was between European countries)

dominated by TNCs (70%) [1]

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40
Q

Gives 3 ways world investment patterns have changed since the 1980’s?

A

increased ($400bn in 1996 to $1500bn in 2016)

1980s HIC > HIC increasingly HIC > NIC/LIC

increasing NIC investment in NIC/LIC (particularly China)

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41
Q

Free trade

A

No barriers to trade

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42
Q

What are the positives of free trade

A

specialise in comparative advantage

economies of scale

increased access to raw materials/resources

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43
Q

What are the negatives to free trade?

A

more job outsourcing/de-industrialisation of HICs

widening wage inequality

exploitation of labour in LICs [1];

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44
Q

What is fair trade?

What does it include

A

a fair price to consumers.

Minimum fair and stable price for producers

Fair trade premium (additional money for use at improving
social/economic/environmental conditions

Must comply with environmental standards.

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45
Q

What are the positives of fair trade?

A

minimum price means farmers can reduce price volatility and poverty

premium invested in improving the local areas

environmental standards e.g. prevent use of chemicals increases sustainability

46
Q

What are the negatives of fair trade?

A

reduce incentive to diversify (as minimum price for primar products)

is becoming mainstream (are producers exploiting ethical consumerism)

inefficient (minimum price encourages over production so non-fairtrade farmers lose out as price falls)

fair trade dependency

reliant on consumer awareness campaigns - loss of money

47
Q

Tariffs

A

tax on imports

48
Q

Quota:

A

Physical limit on the amount of goods that can be imported

49
Q

Subsidies:

A

Grants (money) given to domestic producers (to make them more competitive)

50
Q

Embargoes:

A

complete ban on trade with a specific country/specific

51
Q

What is the WTO? What does it do?

A

sets the global rules of trade; promotes free trade; supervises world trade (negotiate trade agreements)

52
Q

What are the positives of the WTO?

A

promotes free trade (see benefits of free trade)

settles disputes (increasing number of trade disputes brought to WTO)

153 members 97% of world trade

53
Q

What are the negatives of the WTO?

A

require consensus so difficult to make progress (overshadowed by alternatives)

protects trade related intellectual property rights

favours TNCs as ‘most favoured nation principle’ cannot give preference to local businesses

54
Q

Trade blocs:

A

a group of countries that have reached a common agreement that promotes and manages trade

55
Q

What are the positives of trade blocks?

A

increase trade(better market access as fewer barriers to trade within bloc)

individual countries have greater negotiating power

protects in-bloc businesses from external competition

economic peaks and troughs filtered through the block (if a shared currency e.g. economic union)

encourages in-block specialisation

increased output > increased employment

share tech advances

may set higher environmental standards across the bloc

56
Q

What are the negatives of trade blocs?

A

trade diversion

loss of sovereignty

some loss of financial controls

pressure to adopt central legislation and loss of sovereignty

trade disputes between trade blocs

expensive (EU = £960bn)

share resources so may damage some economic sectors

57
Q

What is the IMF?

A

Monitors the global economy and advises governments on how they could improve their economic situation

58
Q

What are the positives of the IMF?

A

prevents economic crisis (interdependence)

loans may prevent economic instability/poverty

190 members > inclusive

59
Q

What are the negatives of the IMF?

A

conditions attached to loans

debt repayment often results in decline in public services

conditions may cause a loss of political sovereignty

voting power based on monetary subscriptions (inequality)

60
Q

What is the world bank and what does it do?

A

provides loans for use in development projects [

61
Q

What are the positives of the world bank?

A

promotes economic development [1];

loans are long-term and may be interest free if low GNI per capita [1];

promotes private businesses/infrastructure[1]

62
Q

What are the negatives of the world bank?

A

loans do need to be repaid [1];

projects are top down with little consideration of impacts on local people

always had an American president [1].

63
Q

What does NAFTA stand for and who is in it?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement - US; Mexico; Canada

64
Q

What does EU stand for and who is in it?

A

European Union

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.

65
Q

What does TPP stand for and who is in it?

A

Trans-Pacific Partnership -

USA; Australia: Brunei: Canada: Chile: Japan: Malaysia: Mexico; New Zealand; Peru; Singapore and Vietnam

66
Q

What does TTIP stand for and who is in it?

A

Trans-atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership -

EU/USA

67
Q

What does MERCOSUR stand for and who is in it?

A

Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela

68
Q

What does APEC stand for and who is in it?

A

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation -

Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Mexico. New Zealand. Papua New Guinea. People’s Republic of China. Peru. Republic of Korea. Russia. Singapore. Thailand

69
Q

What does CARICOM stand for and who is in it?

A

Caribbean Community and common market

Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat (a British overseas territory in the Leeward Islands), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

70
Q

What are the positives of NAFTA?

A

increase in trade/GDP [1];

reduced reliance on foreign oil [1];

increased foreign direct investment [1];

increased jobs [1];

encouraged members to adopt similar environmental laws [1];

71
Q

What are the negatives of NAFTA?

A

deindustrialisation of the US/Canada/ jobs move to Mexico [1];

put Mexican farmers out of business (US subsidies agriculture) [1];

Maquiladoras (manufacturing plants on US border with poor working conditions/lack of environmental regulation) [1];

Increased rural > urban migration (rural decline) [1]

72
Q

What is special and differential treatment?

A

WTO agreements with special provisions/favourable treatment of LDCs

73
Q

What are the positives of special and differential treatment?

A

gives LDCs better market access [1]

> promotes economic development [1];

allows for diversification [1];

increases employment [1]

74
Q

What are the negatives of special and differential treatment?

A

SDT provisions by HICs are often voluntary [1];

may be conditional [1];

often unbalanced (87% of preferential exports to EU from 6 countries) [1];

often not generalised (tends to focus on natural resource) [1];

takes 8-10 years for applications to be LDCs to be accepted [1].

75
Q

What is global governance?

Give examples

A

rules, norms and laws that make and remake global systems. - Deal with issues that cannot be solved by any one state.

World Trade Organisation [1] World Health organisation [1]; International Monetary Fund [1]; World Bank [1]; United Nations [1]

76
Q

What is the Paris agreement?

A

carbon emissions reduction [1]; voluntary system of pledges [1]; track progress [1]; green climate fund [1].

77
Q

What are the positives of the Paris agreement?

A

holding warming to 1.5C would slow sea level rise [1];

180 countries have submitted pledges [1];

review process to update and strengthen pledges [1].

78
Q

What are the negatives of the Paris agreement?

A

earth already warmed by 1C since Industrial Revolution may have triggered irreversible loss of Antarctic glaciers [1];

no enforcement of pledges

current pledges if met only guarantee 3.5C [1];

only considers carbon sources not sinks

USA has pulled out (large producer) [1].

79
Q

gives 4 ways TNC’s form links between countries?

A

Mergers
Acquisitions
Outsourcing
Global supply chains

80
Q

Define Global Commons?

A

resources with no national governance/ outside domain of any one nation state [1] but used jointly/shared by all people [1]; bring economic benefits to all [1]; common heritage of mankind [1].

81
Q

What are the 4 global commons?

A

High seas
Atmosphere
Outer space
Antarctica

82
Q

Common heritage of mankind

A

some localities belong to all humanity and the resources are available for everyone’s use and benefit

83
Q

Tragedy of the commons:

A

common access to resources inevitably results in resources being over-exploited as individuals put their needs and desire not to lose out over the collective need [1].

84
Q

NGO

A

Non-governmental Organisation

85
Q

Advocacy NGO:

A

campaigns to raise awareness

86
Q

Operational NGO:

A

frontline support services for those in need.

87
Q

What is the UN and what does it do?

A

Promote/protect:

global peace and security/human rights/human development. Tackle shared challenges such as climate change.

88
Q

What are the positives of the UN?

A

success of the Millennium Development Goals

Improved stability - e.g.Gulf war

contains 193 countries - inclusive

89
Q

What are the negatives of the UN?

A

veto power of 5 permanent members of the security council

general assembly is advisory

injustices e.g. Rwandan civil war; Yugoslavian civil war

no standing or permanent military of its own

Millennium Development Goals - not completely effective 30% of countries didn’t meet their targets; poorest still left behind (Sub-saharan Africa >23 vs S. Asia >66%)

disparity in provision e.g. urban vs rural

90
Q

Vertical integration

A

company owns entire supply chain

91
Q

Horizontal integration

A

company owns one level of a supply chain

92
Q

Name an international treaty for the High seas

A

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

93
Q

Name an international treaty for Space

A

Moon Treaty

94
Q

Name an international treaty for Antarctica

A

Antarctic Treaty System

Protocol on Environmental Protection

95
Q

Name an international treaty for the Atmosphere

A

UN Framework Convention on climate change

96
Q

Give 3 reasons globalisation poses a threat to the global common of the high seas.

A

Overfishing

Pollution

Acidification

97
Q

Who are the main importers of Bananas?

A

EU/USA main importers (consumed 27% of total exports in 2013)

98
Q

Who are the main exporters of bananas?

A

Africa, Caribbean and Pacfic countries and Central American Republics

99
Q

Who are main TNCs involved in bananas?

A

Chiquita, Dole, Del Monte

100
Q

What are the environmental impacts of producing bananas?

A

deforestation (loss of soil fertility; increased flood risk; less reliable rainfall etc) [1];

monoculture (more at risk from disease outbreaks) [1];

dependent on agrochemicals (risk of eutrophication etc) [1]

101
Q

What are the Issues of market control by: Chiquita, Dole and Del Monte: produce and control ⅔ of the world’s exports:

A

race to the bottom (exploitation of workers) [1];

loss of sovereignty (use size to influence governments) [1]

102
Q

Who receives most of the profit from banana sales?

A

Retailers

103
Q

What happened in the Banana War in

1975

A

1975: LOME convention give special differential treatment to former European colonies in the form of preferential tariff free imports (Latin American exports still have tariffs).

104
Q

What happened in the Banana War in 1992?

A

1992: Formation of single European Market, LOME convention is included in regulations.

105
Q

What happened in the Banana War in 1992-5?

A

1992-5: TNCs complain to the WTO about EU unfair trade rules, by 1997 the WTO rules against EU and orders discrimination to cease - EU proposals do not satisfy large producers.

106
Q

What happened in the Banana War in 1999?

A

1999: USA government puts sanctions on the EU - $520 million a year of tariffs placed on European exports to America. WTO reinvestigate.

107
Q

What happened in the Banana War in 2009?

A

2009:EU agree to gradually reduce tariffs on Latin American bananas, the agreement was ratified in 2012.

108
Q

Preferential treatment was necessary for Windward Islands to be competitive vs large TNCs. Removal of SDTs:

A

No longer competitive > collapse of banana industry with socioeconomic impacts as were primary product dependent [1]

Increased race to the bottom > exploitation of workers [1]

Increasing power inequalities (lack of negotiating power) [1]

109
Q

Bananas: How have fair trade policies impacted on the windward islands?

A

Environmental policies (improve long term sustainability) [1]

Minimum/stable price benefits farmers [1]

Social premium invested locally [1]

110
Q

Why are supermarkets a problem?

A

Monopoly [1] - control market > race to the bottom of producers [1]> associated exploitation of workers/lack of profits [1].

A-level Geography (Hancock) (16 decks)

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