Global revision session

Question 1

Outline the causes of poor access to markets.

Answer 1

Lack of access to trade blocs which limits trade - e.g. Ukraine EU
Lack of access to trade agreements

Question 2

Give four economic impacts of poor market access

Answer 2

Reduces attractiveness to FDI from TNCs

Dependency on aid

Lack of development of manufacturing/infant industries in domestic market (Sierra Leone manufacturing only contributes 27% to GDP)

Lack of industrial development restricts multiplier effect

Question 3

Give an example of the impacts of poor market access on a place?

Answer 3

Sierra Leone manufacturing only contributes 27% to GDP

Sierra Leone has few ancillary services - tertiary industry contributes 30% to GDP

70% of under 25s are unemployed in Sierra Leone

Question 4

Give two social impacts of poor market access

Answer 4

Lack of employment opportunities > lack of disposable income/lower standard of living

Lack of higher paid jobs/manufacturing > less tax income for investing in health/education > greater inequality

Question 5

How has the WTO created preferential access to markets for LDCs?

Answer 5

Creation of Special and differential treatment (special provision to give developing countries special rights and the ability for developed countries to treat developing countries more favourably).

Question 6

Give an example of preferential access to market polices?

Answer 6

Everything but arms in the EU (accepts goods from the LDCs on an import tax reduced, quota free basis

General system of preferences - USA

Question 7

Give a strength of SDTs.

Answer 7

Promotes economic growth in LDCs by allowing them better access to markets/increasing their competitiveness in the markets of HICs

Question 8

Give a weakness of SDTs.

Answer 8

Concern in HICs as non-reciprocal > may allow cheap imports to flood in > deindustrialisation and higher unemployment in HICs

Not completely generalised to all products so may not encourage diversification of the economy and development of manufacturing

Question 9

What are the four threats to Antarctica?

Answer 9

Climate change

Tourism and research

mining

fishing and whaling

Question 10

Give two negative impacts of tourism on Antarctica.

Answer 10

Pollution - MV Explorer sinking and oil spills

Mount Erebus Air Crash;

landing near penguin colonies can disturb breeding/feeding patterns,

Question 11

Give two positive impacts of tourism on Antarctica/ evidence of minimal impact.

Answer 11

Raise awareness of need for conservation (Scott Polar Research Institute);

generally tourists do little damage > research suggests seals and penguins not affected;

95% of landing sites are not damaged

Question 12

What does the IAATO do?

Answer 12

The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators.

Self-regulates tourism in Antarctica e.g. guidelines:

limits numbers of visitors taken ashore;

encourage conservation talks;

prohibits leaving waste

Question 13

How does the IAATO limit damage on Antarctica?

Answer 13

Large cruise ships are not allowed to land > limited direct damage on Antarctica (only 53% of tourists actually land)

Tourists wear red jackets > they show up on the ice

Limited numbers of tourists on land/limited number of landings per day/sites > by landing in specified locations it protects other areas of Antarctica

Question 14

Give three pieces of evidence that climate change poses a threat to Antarctica.

Answer 14

Western sea ice shrinking (+3C)

less sea ice > declining Krill numbers (down 80% since 1970s)

sea level rise (globally up 3mm since 1990)

ocean acidification

Question 15

Give three pieces of evidence that fishing and whaling poses a threat to Antarctica.

Answer 15

Whales decreased from 275, 000 prior to 19th century > 2000 1964;

whaling has slowed due to IWC/IWM but does still continue;

long-line fishing > species such as Patagonian tooth-fish endangered; depletion of Krill.

Question 16

Give a positive the International Whaling Moratorium.

Answer 16

decreased levels of whaling

allowed whale stocks to recover/preventing extinction

increased the social and political costs of whaling

Question 17

Give a negative of the International Whaling Moratorium.

Answer 17

agreements on the moratorium require a majority vote (¾) (equal pro/con members so unlikely)

; voluntary - can exempt yourself by lodging a complaint:

IWC doesn’t inspect of register whaling boasts so difficult to monitor;

no monitoring of whale numbers by the IWC makes it difficult to truly estimate impact.

Question 18

What are the four objectives of the UN?

Answer 18

Promoting and protecting peace and security

Promoting and protecting human rights

Advancing human and economic development

Tackling shared challenges (eg Climate change)

Question 19

Name three of the organisations in the UN.

Answer 19

General assembly (all member states/advisory)

UN security council (15 members, 5 permanent and veto empowered)

Economic and Social Council

Question 20

Give a success of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.

Answer 20

Reduced the % of people living in poverty from 47% to 14%

Question 21

Give three weaknesses of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.

Answer 21

Widening disparity - 30% of countries didn’t meet their targets (particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (-23%) vs Southern Asia (-66%) resulting in widening disparity between regions.

Issues with data - the proportion has reduced by due to population growth the number of people remains the same

Disparity between rural and urban areas- rural areas 56% of births attended by health personnel vs 87% if urban areas, gender inequality

Question 22

What evidence is there of the UN promoting peace?

Answer 22

Sierra Leone: UN peacekeepers arrived 1999, disarmed 75 000 + fighters and child soldiers and built democratic elections. The maintenance of a fragile peace in countries such as Sierra Leone has allowed for development.

UN’s involvement in the first Gulf War helped reverse an act of aggression and expelled Iraq from Kuwait within eight months of its first resolution.

The General Assembly is able to speak to the international community as a whole - Has spread norms such as the security agenda/nuclear taboo e.g. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty

Question 23

What evidence is there of the UN failing to promote peace?

Answer 23

Security council vetoes are not always sufficient at preventing nations from proceeding - US invasion of Iraq 2003

Use of veto power by five permanent member states can limit the UN;s ability to intervene in some conflicts such as Syrian civil war (Russia vetoed)

Rwandan genocide

Question 24

Give a positive of the IMF.

Answer 24

prevents economic crisis (interdependence); loans may prevent economic instability/poverty; 190 members > inclusive

Question 25

Give a negative of the IMF.

Answer 25

conditions attached to loans; debt repayment often results in decline in public services; conditions may cause a loss of political sovereignty; voting power based on monetary subscriptions (inequality)

Question 26

Give a positive of the World Bank.

Answer 26

promotes economic development; loans are long-term and may be interest free if low GNI per capita; promotes private businesses/infrastructure.

Question 27

Give a negative of the World Bank.

Answer 27

loans do need to be repaid; projects are top down with little consideration of impacts on local people; always had an American president.

Question 28

Outline the positive socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their country of origin.

Answer 28

Cheaper goods as produced at a lower cost > benefits consumers

HICs can specialise in financial services and R and D > higher value

Increased tax revenue due to profit repatriation

Question 29

Outline the negative socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their country of origin.

Answer 29

Deindustrialisation due to global shift of manufacturing > e.g. Detroit

Structural unemployment

Question 30

Outline the positive socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their host country.

Answer 30

Generates job opportunities - average wage 40% higher than those paid by local firms

Positive multiplier effect > local businesses supply TNC/ investment in infrastructure can encourage further FDI

Upskilling of workers

Question 31

Outline the negative socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their host country.

Answer 31

Poor working conditions - concerns of child labour

Exploitation of resources

Negative impacts on environment and local culture

Question 32

In what ways to TNCs promote inequality and conflict?

Answer 32

Take advantage of tax breaks to ensure don’t contribute to the host country (and origin country) e.g. Apple and Ireland

TNCs often pay higher wages than local firms > local firms may close due to lack of workers

Increase rural urban migration > rural decline

Outsourcing > high unemployment in inner city areas of HICs e.g. Detroit

Question 33

In what ways to TNCs promote economic growth?

Answer 33

Creation of employment opportunities

Positive multiplier effect (infrastructural improvements/local firms part of supply chain)

Upskilling

Question 34

Give evidence of TNCs negative impacts on Detroit.

Answer 34

Global shift of automotive industry resulted in:

Increasing unemployment (24.8% unemployed in 2010) > decrease in tax income

Degradation of the built environment > derelict factories and decrease in public spending (40% of street lights don’t work) (23% of buildings abandoned in 2014)

Concentration of poverty in inner city due to white flight of urban middle class > suburban housing estates left empty/ closure of department stores etc.

Out migration of professionals left inner city public services struggling

Question 35

Give a positive impact of Apple on Foxconn City.

Answer 35

TNCs pay higher wages than other local firms

Use local firms to complete part of the production processes > outsource to local firms > often results in race to the bottom

Question 36

Give a negative impact of Apple on Foxconn City.

Answer 36

Poor labour practices (race to the bottom) - higher suicide rate (14 Foxconn workers in 2010)/ child labour

Environmental issues > reliance on non-renewables; use of toxic chemicals such as PVS and Brominated flame retardants

Question 37

Give a positive impact of Apple on Ireland.

Answer 37

Employs 4000 workers directly and 2500 workers indirectly along the supply chain

Attracted a highly skilled workforce to the area and improved Ireland’s reputation as a host destination for tech firms

Question 38

Give a negative impact of Apple on Ireland.

Answer 38

Most highly skilled workers at Holy Hill are foreign nationals (60% are Irish but mainly on production line)

Corporate tax avoidance- used subsidiary firms in Ireland to declare profits and apy a lower tax rate > both US and EU claimed tax avoidance.