Global revision session Flashcards
Outline the causes of poor access to markets.
Lack of access to trade blocs which limits trade - e.g. Ukraine EU
Lack of access to trade agreements
Give four economic impacts of poor market access
Reduces attractiveness to FDI from TNCs
Dependency on aid
Lack of development of manufacturing/infant industries in domestic market (Sierra Leone manufacturing only contributes 27% to GDP)
Lack of industrial development restricts multiplier effect
Give an example of the impacts of poor market access on a place?
Sierra Leone manufacturing only contributes 27% to GDP
Sierra Leone has few ancillary services - tertiary industry contributes 30% to GDP
70% of under 25s are unemployed in Sierra Leone
Give two social impacts of poor market access
Lack of employment opportunities > lack of disposable income/lower standard of living
Lack of higher paid jobs/manufacturing > less tax income for investing in health/education > greater inequality
How has the WTO created preferential access to markets for LDCs?
Creation of Special and differential treatment (special provision to give developing countries special rights and the ability for developed countries to treat developing countries more favourably).
Give an example of preferential access to market polices?
Everything but arms in the EU (accepts goods from the LDCs on an import tax reduced, quota free basis
General system of preferences - USA
Give a strength of SDTs.
Promotes economic growth in LDCs by allowing them better access to markets/increasing their competitiveness in the markets of HICs
Give a weakness of SDTs.
Concern in HICs as non-reciprocal > may allow cheap imports to flood in > deindustrialisation and higher unemployment in HICs
Not completely generalised to all products so may not encourage diversification of the economy and development of manufacturing
What are the four threats to Antarctica?
Climate change
Tourism and research
mining
fishing and whaling
Give two negative impacts of tourism on Antarctica.
Pollution - MV Explorer sinking and oil spills
Mount Erebus Air Crash;
landing near penguin colonies can disturb breeding/feeding patterns,
Give two positive impacts of tourism on Antarctica/ evidence of minimal impact.
Raise awareness of need for conservation (Scott Polar Research Institute);
generally tourists do little damage > research suggests seals and penguins not affected;
95% of landing sites are not damaged
What does the IAATO do?
The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators.
Self-regulates tourism in Antarctica e.g. guidelines:
limits numbers of visitors taken ashore;
encourage conservation talks;
prohibits leaving waste
How does the IAATO limit damage on Antarctica?
Large cruise ships are not allowed to land > limited direct damage on Antarctica (only 53% of tourists actually land)
Tourists wear red jackets > they show up on the ice
Limited numbers of tourists on land/limited number of landings per day/sites > by landing in specified locations it protects other areas of Antarctica
Give three pieces of evidence that climate change poses a threat to Antarctica.
Western sea ice shrinking (+3C)
less sea ice > declining Krill numbers (down 80% since 1970s)
sea level rise (globally up 3mm since 1990)
ocean acidification
Give three pieces of evidence that fishing and whaling poses a threat to Antarctica.
Whales decreased from 275, 000 prior to 19th century > 2000 1964;
whaling has slowed due to IWC/IWM but does still continue;
long-line fishing > species such as Patagonian tooth-fish endangered; depletion of Krill.
Give a positive the International Whaling Moratorium.
decreased levels of whaling
allowed whale stocks to recover/preventing extinction
increased the social and political costs of whaling
Give a negative of the International Whaling Moratorium.
agreements on the moratorium require a majority vote (¾) (equal pro/con members so unlikely)
; voluntary - can exempt yourself by lodging a complaint:
IWC doesn’t inspect of register whaling boasts so difficult to monitor;
no monitoring of whale numbers by the IWC makes it difficult to truly estimate impact.
What are the four objectives of the UN?
Promoting and protecting peace and security
Promoting and protecting human rights
Advancing human and economic development
Tackling shared challenges (eg Climate change)
Name three of the organisations in the UN.
General assembly (all member states/advisory)
UN security council (15 members, 5 permanent and veto empowered)
Economic and Social Council
Give a success of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.
Reduced the % of people living in poverty from 47% to 14%
Give three weaknesses of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.
Widening disparity - 30% of countries didn’t meet their targets (particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (-23%) vs Southern Asia (-66%) resulting in widening disparity between regions.
Issues with data - the proportion has reduced by due to population growth the number of people remains the same
Disparity between rural and urban areas- rural areas 56% of births attended by health personnel vs 87% if urban areas, gender inequality
What evidence is there of the UN promoting peace?
Sierra Leone: UN peacekeepers arrived 1999, disarmed 75 000 + fighters and child soldiers and built democratic elections. The maintenance of a fragile peace in countries such as Sierra Leone has allowed for development.
UN’s involvement in the first Gulf War helped reverse an act of aggression and expelled Iraq from Kuwait within eight months of its first resolution.
The General Assembly is able to speak to the international community as a whole - Has spread norms such as the security agenda/nuclear taboo e.g. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
What evidence is there of the UN failing to promote peace?
Security council vetoes are not always sufficient at preventing nations from proceeding - US invasion of Iraq 2003
Use of veto power by five permanent member states can limit the UN;s ability to intervene in some conflicts such as Syrian civil war (Russia vetoed)
Rwandan genocide
Give a positive of the IMF.
prevents economic crisis (interdependence); loans may prevent economic instability/poverty; 190 members > inclusive
Give a negative of the IMF.
conditions attached to loans; debt repayment often results in decline in public services; conditions may cause a loss of political sovereignty; voting power based on monetary subscriptions (inequality)
Give a positive of the World Bank.
promotes economic development; loans are long-term and may be interest free if low GNI per capita; promotes private businesses/infrastructure.
Give a negative of the World Bank.
loans do need to be repaid; projects are top down with little consideration of impacts on local people; always had an American president.
Outline the positive socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their country of origin.
Cheaper goods as produced at a lower cost > benefits consumers
HICs can specialise in financial services and R and D > higher value
Increased tax revenue due to profit repatriation
Outline the negative socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their country of origin.
Deindustrialisation due to global shift of manufacturing > e.g. Detroit
Structural unemployment
Outline the positive socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their host country.
Generates job opportunities - average wage 40% higher than those paid by local firms
Positive multiplier effect > local businesses supply TNC/ investment in infrastructure can encourage further FDI
Upskilling of workers
Outline the negative socioeconomic impacts of TNCs on their host country.
Poor working conditions - concerns of child labour
Exploitation of resources
Negative impacts on environment and local culture
In what ways to TNCs promote inequality and conflict?
Take advantage of tax breaks to ensure don’t contribute to the host country (and origin country) e.g. Apple and Ireland
TNCs often pay higher wages than local firms > local firms may close due to lack of workers
Increase rural urban migration > rural decline
Outsourcing > high unemployment in inner city areas of HICs e.g. Detroit
In what ways to TNCs promote economic growth?
Creation of employment opportunities
Positive multiplier effect (infrastructural improvements/local firms part of supply chain)
Upskilling
Give evidence of TNCs negative impacts on Detroit.
Global shift of automotive industry resulted in:
Increasing unemployment (24.8% unemployed in 2010) > decrease in tax income
Degradation of the built environment > derelict factories and decrease in public spending (40% of street lights don’t work) (23% of buildings abandoned in 2014)
Concentration of poverty in inner city due to white flight of urban middle class > suburban housing estates left empty/ closure of department stores etc.
Out migration of professionals left inner city public services struggling
Give a positive impact of Apple on Foxconn City.
TNCs pay higher wages than other local firms
Use local firms to complete part of the production processes > outsource to local firms > often results in race to the bottom
Give a negative impact of Apple on Foxconn City.
Poor labour practices (race to the bottom) - higher suicide rate (14 Foxconn workers in 2010)/ child labour
Environmental issues > reliance on non-renewables; use of toxic chemicals such as PVS and Brominated flame retardants
Give a positive impact of Apple on Ireland.
Employs 4000 workers directly and 2500 workers indirectly along the supply chain
Attracted a highly skilled workforce to the area and improved Ireland’s reputation as a host destination for tech firms
Give a negative impact of Apple on Ireland.
Most highly skilled workers at Holy Hill are foreign nationals (60% are Irish but mainly on production line)
Corporate tax avoidance- used subsidiary firms in Ireland to declare profits and apy a lower tax rate > both US and EU claimed tax avoidance.
