Resesrch Methods Test Flashcards
Name types of validity
Internal and external
What is internal validity
It is when the study measures what it claims to measure and extraneous variables are controlled
What is external validity
It is when the results of the study generalised to other situations and people
How many types of external validity
There are three
What is ecological validity?
Is when The results of a study can be generalised to how people behave in every day life
What is temporal validity
Is when results of study generalise accross time
What is population validity
Is when the results of the study generalise to other populations
Name types of external validity
Ecological
Temporal
Population
What is sampling
Sampling is when researchers pick a sample from a population
A good sample is representative of the population
Name the types of sambling
Volunteer
opportunity
systematic
Random
stratified
what is volunteer sampling
is when a research posts an advert and people volunteer to be pps in a study
what is opportunity sampling
is when a researcher approached memebetrs of the population who are willing and avaible to be pps
what is systematic sampling
is when researcher select every nth from the population
what is random sambling
is when a researcher chooses pps from random e.g picking numbers of hat
this means every member of the population as the same chance of being picked for the study
what is stratified sampling
is when researchers sample so that their sample has the same portion of each sub groups of the total population
A03 of volunteer sampling
quick and easy
but sample is less represntitive e.g volunteer bias
A03 of opportunity sampling
quick and easy
but sample is less representative
A03 of sustematic sampling
it is likely to lead to a more representative sample as it involves sampling from the total population
but this sampling is more diffiuclt as it requries a list of the entire population
A03 of random sampling
it is likely to be representative as everyone has equal chance of being included but not fully representative
however it is difficult as you will need a way of randomising, more steps involved therefore may be more time consuming
A03 of stratified sampling
more representative and will look like the population so the study’s findings should be able to be generalised
this means higher population validity
researchers may find it difficult and time consuming
5 ethical guidelines in psychology
informed consent
deceptions
protection from harm
right to withdraw
confidentiality
what is informed consent
pps must give a written aggrement to take part in study and fully study what the study involves
what is deception
researchers should avoid deception which is when pps are told things about the study which is not true.
more serious deception the more unethical
what is protection from harm
researchers must make sure that the pps are in no more physcial and emotional than in their normal everyday life
what is right to withdraw
pps have a right to quit a study and the researcher must communicate this right to them
what is confidentiality
researcher must keep the identity of their pps anonymous
e.g use numbers not names
name types of expierement
Lab
field
quasi
natural
what is an expeieremt
is a study that investigates cause and effect by comparing the effect of the IV and DV this means having experimental groups which receive different levels of the IV
how many types of expierment
four
what is a lab expierement
is when the IV is manipulated in an artifical controlled enviroment
what is a field expierement
is when the IV is manipulated in a natural everyday life setting
what is a quasi experiment
is when the IV is something which is naturally occurring
evaluate lab expieremtn
there is high control over extraneous variables leads to high internal validity
there is a clear cause and effect relationship between the IV and DV can be established
the study may have low ecological validity as the behaviour of the pps may not be able to be generalised as it was found from an artifical setting
evaluate field expieremtn
has higher ecological validity than Lab as it is in a natural enviroment
evaluate quasi expieremrnts
allow researchers to study IV that cant be studied in lab or field experiements
but has confounding variables which reduced internal validity
evaluate natural experiments
enables researcher to study IV that would be unethical to investigate in other types of experiments
lack of control over extraneous variables
name expieremental designs
what is RMD
is when the same pps take part in all expieremental conditions
what is independent group design
researchers allocated different pps to each groups
researcher normally use random allocation
what is matched pairs
researchers match pps from the control groups to a particular pps variable
control and expieremental group would have same distrubtion of age
AO3 of matched pairs
matching for some pps variables we control variable which increases internal validity
however it is time consuming
and we cant match pps on every possible pps variable
AO3 of RMD
A limitation is pps are likely to show demand characteristics this is because they have repeated the same study multiple times
non expieremental method
are studys that dont investigate cause and effect relationships and dont have an IV
name non expieremental methods
single variable methods
correlational studies
case studies
what is a single varibale study
measures a single variable
e.g most popular ice cream flavour
what is a correlational study
is a study which measured two variables and looking at whether they share an association
e.g postive or negative correlation
what is a case study
is a detailed investigation into a singled individuals or small group of individuals
AO3 of correlational studies
often more pratical as it is less likely to be unethical compared to expierements
but this study doesnt show the cause of the relationship
A03 of case studies
+ give researchers of gathering high detail of an individuals person
+ they provide a way of studying rare situations
- cant be used to establish cause and effect
- may not generalise to other people
what is a self report technique
is when pps are asked to provide informations about their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
name the two self report technique
interviews and questionaires
types of interviews
structured, all questions decided in advance
unstrured, the interview may add additonal questions
name ways in which questions are designed in questionaires
closed and open questiosn
AO3 of self report technique
- people arent always accurate or objective when they provide information
- social desirability bias in order to avoid judgement
A03 of structures interview
more rleiable
A03 of unstructures
enable researchers to gain more information from their pps
what is observational techniques
is when researchers observe pps and measure or record their behaviour
what is a pilot study
is a small scale study of pps to identify potential flaws in an expierement
what is a peer review
is the process where other researchers in the field to review, critice and suggest improvements for a report before it is publisjed
AO3 of peer review
+ protects society from bad research
+ helps researcher to constantly improve their research
- reviewers might not always be very objective due to personal bias
how can you analayse qualitive data
thematic anaylsis
content analysis
what is content analysis
is an observational study in which behaviours is usually observed indirectly visual written or verbal material
what does content analysis involve
establishing coding units before a researcher looks through the data
counting up whenever a coding unit appears in the data
turning qualitive into quantitive
how to write a consent from
use bullet points
1. states the purpose of the study
1. explain what will happen to the pps e.g method
1. how long with the study last
2. ethical guidelines right to withdraw, how there data will be used and will ensure confidentiallity informed consent, debrief
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