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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

name types of experiments

A

lab
field
natural
quasi

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2
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

is an experiment within a control setting therefore the research has control over variables in the study since it is uses a standardised procedure

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3
Q

evaluate lab experiment

A

high reliability as uses standardised procedure so it is easy to repeat the study

pps are aware they are in experiment so may change behaviour and show demand characteristics

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4
Q

what is a field experiment

A

is when the experiment is conducted in a natural setting such as a shop or school

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5
Q

evaluate field experiment

A

increase validity as behaviour is more natural therefore can be more generalised

pps not aware their in an experiment so does not show demand characteristics

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6
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

is an experiment where the IV has not been directly manipulated by the researcher, but records the effects of IV on DV

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7
Q

evaluate natural experiment

A

does not show demand characteristics

low reliability as the study can be replicated

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8
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

is an experiment where pps cannot be randomly assigned to the IV

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9
Q

what is observation

A

observation is a non experimental technique where the research watched pps behaviour without manipulating the level of IV

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10
Q

name types of observations

A

controlled
natural
overt
covert
participants
non participants

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11
Q

what is a controlled observation

A

when we control the situation the pps experience and record behaviours. In lab with control variables

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12
Q

evaluate controlled observation

A

high reliability standardised procedures

the environment is artificial therefore findings may be unnatural behaviour

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13
Q

what is a naturalistic observation

A

is when pps are observed in an normal environment

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14
Q

evaluate naturalistic observation

A

high realism as pps show more realistic behaviour therefore able to be generalised

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15
Q

what is an overt observation

A

is when pps can see the research they know they are being observed

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16
Q

evaluate overt observation

A

it is ethical as pps give consent

there is soical desirability bias

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17
Q

what is covert observation

A

is when pps are not aware they are being observed as they can not see the researcher

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18
Q

evaluate covert observation

A

it is free from demand characteristics

unethical no consent is given

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19
Q

what is participant observation

A

is when the researcher joins the group that they are studying in the activity or task

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20
Q

evaluate pps observation

A

may lead to pps behaviouring naturally

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21
Q

what is non pps observation

A

is when the researcher is seperate from the pps recording observation

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22
Q

evaluate non pps observation

A

loose trust so behaviour may be unrealistic

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23
Q

what is self report technique

A

is a research technique when a pps reveal personal info about themselfs in response to questions

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24
Q

name self report technique

A

interviews
questionaires

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25
Q

what is a interview

A

is when pps give info in response to direct questioning from researcher

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26
Q

what is questionaire

A

is when pps give info in response to a set of questuons which are sent to them

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27
Q

how many types of questions which can be asked

A

two

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28
Q

what are the types of questions

A

open
closed

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29
Q

what is open questions

A

is when pps are able to answer in any way they choose

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30
Q

what data is produced in open questions

A

qualitive data

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31
Q

evaluate open questions

A

more truthful detailed answers

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32
Q

what are closed questions

A

is when pps have fixed choices of answers

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33
Q

what data is produced in closed questions

A

quantitive

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34
Q

evaluate closed questions

A

easy to anlysis as can compared data sets

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35
Q

how many interview designs are there

A

three

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36
Q

what are the interview designs

A

structured
unstructured
semi structured

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37
Q

what is a structured interview

A

is when the questions asked are prepared and the same for everyone

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38
Q

evaluate structured interview

A

the interview does not have to be highly trained

the data is easily compared

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39
Q

what is an unstructured interview

A

is when there is not a set of questions asked therefore the interview is informal

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40
Q

evaluate unstructured interview

A

hard to compared between pps

can ask follow up questions

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41
Q

what is a semi structure interview

A

is a combination of prepar5ed questions with the ability to ask additional questions

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42
Q

evaluate semi structure interview

A

easy to compare pps as same quesstions are used
highly trained interviewers are required

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43
Q

evaluate self report techniques

A

easy to replicate
easy to analyse data
social desirability bias

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44
Q

what is a correlation

A

is when two co varibales are measured and compared to look for a relationships

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45
Q

example of co varibales

A

age height

46
Q

what graph are correlations displayed in

A

scattergrams

47
Q

what is a scattergram

A

is a graph used to plot the measurements of two co variables

48
Q

how many types of correlation are there

A

three

49
Q

what are the types of correlation

A

positive
negative
no correlation

50
Q

what is a positive correlation

A

positive correlation is when one co variable increases then the other co variable increases

51
Q

what is negative correlation

A

is when one co variable increases the other decreases

52
Q

what is no correlation

A

is when there is no relationship between the co variables

53
Q

evaluate correlations

A

it does not show causation

54
Q

how many types of data are there

A

two

55
Q

name the types of data

A

quantitive
qualitive

56
Q

what is quantitive data

A

is a numerical data

57
Q

what is qualitive data

A

non numerical data

58
Q

what is an aim

A

is a clearly phrased general statement about what the investor intends to research

59
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

is a precise testable statement including the levels of iv and dv
statement of fact

60
Q

name types of hypothesis

A

null
alternative

61
Q

what is null hypothesis

A

states that there is no difference

62
Q

what is alternative hypothesis

A

there is a difference in the measurement of the DV as a result of manipulation of IV

63
Q

what are the ways that hypothesis can be written

A

directional
non directional

64
Q

what is a directional hypothesis

A

states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV and the direction which the results will go

65
Q

what is a non directional hypothesis

A

states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV

66
Q

how many types of sampling are there

A

five

67
Q

what is random sampling

A

is when each member of target population has same properbilty of being in the study e.g putting names in hat

68
Q

evaluate random sampling

A

avoids researcher bias
time consuming
could be unrepresented sample

69
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

is when the pps are chose from a list of the TP every nth pps is chosen to form sample

70
Q

evaluate systematic sampling

A

avoids researcher bias
unrepresentative sample maybe

71
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

is when researchers directly asks available members of target population to take part in research

72
Q

evaluate opportunity sampling

A

cheaper and faster way to collect sample
has researcher bias

73
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

is when pps offer to take part after finding out about the research e.g seeing an advert

74
Q

evaluate volunteer sampling

A

is an easy way to find sample
volunteer bias cant be generalised

75
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

is by selecting pps withing a strata

76
Q

evaluate stratified sampling

A

may have research bias when picking what strata
represntative and generalisable to TP

77
Q

name the expieremental designs

A

repeated measure design
independent group design
matched pairs design

78
Q

what is repeated measures design

A

is when the same pps complete two levels or more of the IV e.g both condition a and b

79
Q

evaluate rmd

A

demand characterisitcs the aim may be found

80
Q

what is the independent group design

A

is when the sample is randomly divided into two groups

81
Q

what is matched pairs design

A

is when pairs of pps are matched in terms of key variables such as IQ

82
Q

evaluate MPD

A

takes longer
needds more pps in sampe

83
Q

name variables

A

IV
DV
co variables
extranous variables
confounding variables

84
Q

what is IV

A

is the variable that the researcher manipulates

85
Q

what is the DV

A

is what is measured when the IV is manipulated

86
Q

what are extranous variables

A

is any variables that may influence the measurements of the DV e.g demand characteristics

87
Q

what are con founding variables

A

is a variable that changes systematically between the levels of measurements

88
Q

list ethical guidelines

A

informed consent
right to withdraw
debreif
protection from harm
decieved
confidentiality

89
Q

what is peer review

A

is when a study is assesed by people who are expects in the same subject area as the author

90
Q

evaluate peer review

A

ensures that the work is high quality

91
Q

what is economy

A

is the production and consumption of goods and services

92
Q

what is reliabilty

A

is when findings are consistent

93
Q

what is validity

A

refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine sone

94
Q

what are the types of validity

A

internal
external

95
Q

evaluate quantitive

A

easy to analyse
tends to be more relaible

96
Q

evaluate qualitive data

A

provides detailed data

97
Q

what is primary data

A

is data which is collected first hands such as interviews

98
Q

what is secondary data

A

is data which has previously been collected by third party

99
Q

evaluate primary data

A

costly and time consuming
but more valid

100
Q

evaluate secondary data

A

easier to anaylyse therefore reduces cost and time

decrease validity as can not guarntee results are free from bias

101
Q

what is the mode

A

is most frequent value in quantitive data set

102
Q

what is median

A

calculated by ording values low to high using the middle value

103
Q

what is the mean

A

is when you add up all scored and divided by the number of values

104
Q

what is the range

A

subtract smallest from largest

105
Q

what is stardard deviation

A

shows the spread of the set of data

106
Q

what are the descriptive statistics

A

mode
median
mean
range
standard deviation

107
Q

what does higher deviation mean

A

wider seperation

108
Q

what are the level of measurement

A

nominal
ordinal
interval

109
Q

what is nominal data

A

is category data

110
Q

what is ordinal data

A

is when data has a natural order
1st 2nd 3rd

111
Q

what is interval data

A

is when data has same distance between each point

Psychology (7 decks)

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