research methods Flashcards
name types of experiments
lab
field
natural
quasi
what is a lab experiment
is an experiment within a control setting therefore the research has control over variables in the study since it is uses a standardised procedure
evaluate lab experiment
high reliability as uses standardised procedure so it is easy to repeat the study
pps are aware they are in experiment so may change behaviour and show demand characteristics
what is a field experiment
is when the experiment is conducted in a natural setting such as a shop or school
evaluate field experiment
increase validity as behaviour is more natural therefore can be more generalised
pps not aware their in an experiment so does not show demand characteristics
what is a natural experiment
is an experiment where the IV has not been directly manipulated by the researcher, but records the effects of IV on DV
evaluate natural experiment
does not show demand characteristics
low reliability as the study can be replicated
what is a quasi experiment
is an experiment where pps cannot be randomly assigned to the IV
what is observation
observation is a non experimental technique where the research watched pps behaviour without manipulating the level of IV
name types of observations
controlled
natural
overt
covert
participants
non participants
what is a controlled observation
when we control the situation the pps experience and record behaviours. In lab with control variables
evaluate controlled observation
high reliability standardised procedures
the environment is artificial therefore findings may be unnatural behaviour
what is a naturalistic observation
is when pps are observed in an normal environment
evaluate naturalistic observation
high realism as pps show more realistic behaviour therefore able to be generalised
what is an overt observation
is when pps can see the research they know they are being observed
evaluate overt observation
it is ethical as pps give consent
there is soical desirability bias
what is covert observation
is when pps are not aware they are being observed as they can not see the researcher
evaluate covert observation
it is free from demand characteristics
unethical no consent is given
what is participant observation
is when the researcher joins the group that they are studying in the activity or task
evaluate pps observation
may lead to pps behaviouring naturally
what is non pps observation
is when the researcher is seperate from the pps recording observation
evaluate non pps observation
loose trust so behaviour may be unrealistic
what is self report technique
is a research technique when a pps reveal personal info about themselfs in response to questions
name self report technique
interviews
questionaires
what is a interview
is when pps give info in response to direct questioning from researcher
what is questionaire
is when pps give info in response to a set of questuons which are sent to them
how many types of questions which can be asked
two
what are the types of questions
open
closed
what is open questions
is when pps are able to answer in any way they choose
what data is produced in open questions
qualitive data
evaluate open questions
more truthful detailed answers
what are closed questions
is when pps have fixed choices of answers
what data is produced in closed questions
quantitive
evaluate closed questions
easy to anlysis as can compared data sets
how many interview designs are there
three
what are the interview designs
structured
unstructured
semi structured
what is a structured interview
is when the questions asked are prepared and the same for everyone
evaluate structured interview
the interview does not have to be highly trained
the data is easily compared
what is an unstructured interview
is when there is not a set of questions asked therefore the interview is informal
evaluate unstructured interview
hard to compared between pps
can ask follow up questions
what is a semi structure interview
is a combination of prepar5ed questions with the ability to ask additional questions
evaluate semi structure interview
easy to compare pps as same quesstions are used
highly trained interviewers are required
evaluate self report techniques
easy to replicate
easy to analyse data
social desirability bias
what is a correlation
is when two co varibales are measured and compared to look for a relationships
example of co varibales
age height
what graph are correlations displayed in
scattergrams
what is a scattergram
is a graph used to plot the measurements of two co variables
how many types of correlation are there
three
what are the types of correlation
positive
negative
no correlation
what is a positive correlation
positive correlation is when one co variable increases then the other co variable increases
what is negative correlation
is when one co variable increases the other decreases
what is no correlation
is when there is no relationship between the co variables
evaluate correlations
it does not show causation
how many types of data are there
two
name the types of data
quantitive
qualitive
what is quantitive data
is a numerical data
what is qualitive data
non numerical data
what is an aim
is a clearly phrased general statement about what the investor intends to research
what is a hypothesis
is a precise testable statement including the levels of iv and dv
statement of fact
name types of hypothesis
null
alternative
what is null hypothesis
states that there is no difference
what is alternative hypothesis
there is a difference in the measurement of the DV as a result of manipulation of IV
what are the ways that hypothesis can be written
directional
non directional
what is a directional hypothesis
states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV and the direction which the results will go
what is a non directional hypothesis
states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV
how many types of sampling are there
five
what is random sampling
is when each member of target population has same properbilty of being in the study e.g putting names in hat
evaluate random sampling
avoids researcher bias
time consuming
could be unrepresented sample
what is systematic sampling
is when the pps are chose from a list of the TP every nth pps is chosen to form sample
evaluate systematic sampling
avoids researcher bias
unrepresentative sample maybe
what is opportunity sampling
is when researchers directly asks available members of target population to take part in research
evaluate opportunity sampling
cheaper and faster way to collect sample
has researcher bias
what is volunteer sampling
is when pps offer to take part after finding out about the research e.g seeing an advert
evaluate volunteer sampling
is an easy way to find sample
volunteer bias cant be generalised
what is stratified sampling
is by selecting pps withing a strata
evaluate stratified sampling
may have research bias when picking what strata
represntative and generalisable to TP
name the expieremental designs
repeated measure design
independent group design
matched pairs design
what is repeated measures design
is when the same pps complete two levels or more of the IV e.g both condition a and b
evaluate rmd
demand characterisitcs the aim may be found
what is the independent group design
is when the sample is randomly divided into two groups
what is matched pairs design
is when pairs of pps are matched in terms of key variables such as IQ
evaluate MPD
takes longer
needds more pps in sampe
name variables
IV
DV
co variables
extranous variables
confounding variables
what is IV
is the variable that the researcher manipulates
what is the DV
is what is measured when the IV is manipulated
what are extranous variables
is any variables that may influence the measurements of the DV e.g demand characteristics
what are con founding variables
is a variable that changes systematically between the levels of measurements
list ethical guidelines
informed consent
right to withdraw
debreif
protection from harm
decieved
confidentiality
what is peer review
is when a study is assesed by people who are expects in the same subject area as the author
evaluate peer review
ensures that the work is high quality
what is economy
is the production and consumption of goods and services
what is reliabilty
is when findings are consistent
what is validity
refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine sone
what are the types of validity
internal
external
evaluate quantitive
easy to analyse
tends to be more relaible
evaluate qualitive data
provides detailed data
what is primary data
is data which is collected first hands such as interviews
what is secondary data
is data which has previously been collected by third party
evaluate primary data
costly and time consuming
but more valid
evaluate secondary data
easier to anaylyse therefore reduces cost and time
decrease validity as can not guarntee results are free from bias
what is the mode
is most frequent value in quantitive data set
what is median
calculated by ording values low to high using the middle value
what is the mean
is when you add up all scored and divided by the number of values
what is the range
subtract smallest from largest
what is stardard deviation
shows the spread of the set of data
what are the descriptive statistics
mode
median
mean
range
standard deviation
what does higher deviation mean
wider seperation
what are the level of measurement
nominal
ordinal
interval
what is nominal data
is category data
what is ordinal data
is when data has a natural order
1st 2nd 3rd
what is interval data
is when data has same distance between each point
