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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

who studied animal studies of attachment

A

lorenz
harlow

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2
Q

what is imprinting

A

is an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development

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3
Q

who studied imprinting

A

Lorenz

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4
Q

what was lorenz procedure

A

took a clutch of gooslings eggs and divided into two groups
1. left to hatch naturally with mother
2. left to hatch in an incubator
the first thing they saw when hatched was lorenz

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5
Q

what were the findings of lorenz

A

the goslings hatched by mother followed her
the goslings hatched in incubator followed him showing imprinting
goslings have a critical period of 32 hours if they done see a moving object within 32 unable to imprint

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6
Q

evaluate lorenz study

A

SE, other studies showed imprinting in animals e.g guitan with chicks and gloves

animals vs human cant be generalised

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7
Q

what did harlow study

A

tested cupboard love theory

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8
Q

what was harlow procedure

A

8 monkeys were removed after birth and put in cage
there was two wire mother
1. wire and bottle of milk
2. cloth mother and no food
the time the monkey spent with each mother was record
they frighted the monky with a mechanical monkey to see which mother they would go to

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9
Q

what were the findings of harlow study

A

all 8 monkeys spent the most time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother for food
when frighted went to the cloth mother

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10
Q

evaluate harlow study

A

not generalisable as humans and animals are biologicall different but monkeys are the closest animal
ethical issues on the monkeys as there was emotional harm since it will impact monkeys future relationship

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11
Q

how can attachment be explained

A

learning theory

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12
Q

what does the learning theory propose about attachment

A

proposes that all behaviour is learnt rather than inborn
attachment forms to caregiver since it provides food

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13
Q

what is the two conditons in learning theory to explain attachment

A

operant
classical

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14
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

is when behaviour is learnt due to assosiation

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15
Q

how is classcial conditionng used in learning theory to explain attachment

A

cuboard love theory
food (US) provides pleasure (UR)
food and mother provides pleasure
this conditions the mother with association with food to form the attachment

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16
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

is when a behaviour is learnt through reinforcement

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17
Q

what are the types of reinforcement

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

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18
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

is when behaviour is more likely when receiving a stimuli

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19
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

is when behaviour is more likely when removing stimuli

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20
Q

evaluate the learning theory as an explanation of attachment

A

the behaviourst principles used to explain attachment have SE
it is environmentally reductionist because parents would say their attachment is more than just because of providing food

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21
Q

what is attachment

A

is an emotional bond between two people which leads to certain

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22
Q

what are the caregiver infant interactions

A

reciprocity
interactional synchrony

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23
Q

what is reciprocity

A

is when a behaviour occurs due to a response of another persons behaviour

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24
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

is when two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of facial and body movements

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25
Q

whats imitation

A

is when the infant directly copies the caregiver expression

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26
Q

evaluate caregiver infant interactions

A

individual differences

problems with testings infants behaviour because infants constant motion its hard to distingish general and imitated behavour, decreased validity

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27
Q

who studied the stages of attachement

A

Schaffer

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28
Q

how many stages of attachment are there

A

four

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29
Q

what are the stages of attachment

A
  1. asocial
  2. indiscrimiate
  3. specific
  4. multiple
30
Q

what is asocial attachment

A

happens between 0-6 weeks
babies display inate behaviours to any potential caregiver, anyone can comfort them

31
Q

what is indiscrimate attachment

A

happens between 6weeks-7months
is when infants can tell a difference between familiar and non familiar people

32
Q

what is specific attachment

A

occurs between 7-9 months
infants form a strong attachment to primary care giver
seperation and stranger anxiety develop

33
Q

what is multiple attachment

A

9 monhs+
is when an infant develops additional attachments to other regular caregivers
stranger anxiety decreases

34
Q

evaluate the stages of attachment

A

unreliable data as it was based on mothers reports of their infants which challeges the validity of data
biased sample only on working class population finding may vary in different social groups

35
Q

what are the two ways attachment can be explained

A

learning theory
monotropic theory

36
Q

what is bowlbys monotopic theory

A

he proposed that human infants have an innate tendency to form attachments to their primary care given

37
Q

what does ascmi stand for

A

adaptive
social releasers
critical period
monotropy
internal working model

38
Q

what is the believed critical period of attachment

A

3-6 months but up to 2years

39
Q

evaluate bowblys theory

A

Se by grossman and grossman shows that one attachments does lead to another

40
Q

what was the aim of ainsworth strange situation

A

to identify shared behaviours in different attacment types

41
Q

what is strange situation

A

is a controlled onbservation designed to test attachment secruity

42
Q

what is the procedure of ainsworth strange situation

A

eight episodes where either a carefiver and stranger either stay or leave the infant
it tests seperation anxiety and reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety
data observed by a group of observers

43
Q

what are the findings of ainsworth strange situation

A

62% were secure attachment
22% insecure avoidant
12% insecure resistant

44
Q

what is secure attachment

A

is when there is a strong and contented attachment to caregiver

45
Q

name characteristics of secure attachment

A

moderate stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety and high reunion joy

46
Q

what is insecure attachment

A

is an infant who avoids social interaction with others

47
Q

what are characteristics

A

low stranger anxiety no seperation anxiety

48
Q

what is insecure resistance

A

infants who seeks and reject social interaction

49
Q

characteristics of insecure resistance

A

high seperation and stranger anxiety

50
Q

evaluate ainsworth strange situation

A

high reliability as it can be replicated due to standardised procedure as control variables

cultural bias done in america cant be generalised

51
Q

who studies cultural variations of attachment

A

Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg

52
Q

what was the procedure of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study

A

meta anaylsis of 32 studies from 8 contries
all srudies used strange situation

53
Q

what were the findings from Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study

A

secure attachment most common in all countries
IR least common
avoidant was more common in western countries and resistant more common in non-western

54
Q

what were the conclusions of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study

A

there are variations of attachment types in different countries due to variations of parenting styles

55
Q

evaluate Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study

A
  • one one study included so not represative of countries population
  • culutural bias
    + high validiy since it has large sample size as it is a meta anaysis
56
Q

what is deprivation

A

is to lose something`

57
Q

what did bowlbys theory of maternal deprivations propose

A

propsed that prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consquences in terms of emotional development

58
Q

what are the consequences of deprivation

A

delinquency due to disrupted social development

low IQ due to intellectual development impacted

59
Q

what was the 44 thieves study procedure

A

44 criminal teens accused of stealing
were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychpathy e.g lack of guilty empathy etc
families were interviwed wether thieves had prolonged early seperation from mothers

60
Q

what did the 44 thieves study study

A

studied the correlation of affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

61
Q

what was the findings from the 44 thieves study

and what was the conclusion

A

14 thieves described as affectionless psychpathy and 12 had seperation from mothers

concludes that there is a correlation between prolonged early deprivation from mothers which causes affectionless psychopathy

62
Q

what is insitutionalisation

A

refers to children being brought up under state care e.g children homes, these enviroments can alfter behaviours and impacts future

63
Q

what is privation

A

is a total lack of care so no ability to form an attachment bond

64
Q

who and what was the study of effects of institutionalisation

A

Rutter
romanian orphans

65
Q

what was the procedure of romanian orphans

A

165 romaniam children who suffered effects of care
adopted by uk families
physical,cognitive, emotional development was assessed at 4,6,11,15,22-25
contol group of 52 from uk were adopted same time

66
Q

what were the findings from romanian orphans study

A

half of adoptees showed delayed intellectual development
majority were undernourished

67
Q

evaluate romanian orphan study

A

the unusual situation variables mean the study may lack generalisability

68
Q

who studied the influence of early attachment

A

hazen and shaver

69
Q

what was the procedure of hazen and shaver study

A

620 responses
to a love quiz

70
Q

what were the findings of hazen and shaver study

A

positive correlation between attachment types and love expierences

71
Q

evaluate the findings of hazen and shaver study

A

it relies on pps being honest about their attachment types from childhood
decrease reliabilty

Psychology (7 decks)

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