attachment Flashcards
who studied animal studies of attachment
lorenz
harlow
what is imprinting
is an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development
who studied imprinting
Lorenz
what was lorenz procedure
took a clutch of gooslings eggs and divided into two groups
1. left to hatch naturally with mother
2. left to hatch in an incubator
the first thing they saw when hatched was lorenz
what were the findings of lorenz
the goslings hatched by mother followed her
the goslings hatched in incubator followed him showing imprinting
goslings have a critical period of 32 hours if they done see a moving object within 32 unable to imprint
evaluate lorenz study
SE, other studies showed imprinting in animals e.g guitan with chicks and gloves
animals vs human cant be generalised
what did harlow study
tested cupboard love theory
what was harlow procedure
8 monkeys were removed after birth and put in cage
there was two wire mother
1. wire and bottle of milk
2. cloth mother and no food
the time the monkey spent with each mother was record
they frighted the monky with a mechanical monkey to see which mother they would go to
what were the findings of harlow study
all 8 monkeys spent the most time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother for food
when frighted went to the cloth mother
evaluate harlow study
not generalisable as humans and animals are biologicall different but monkeys are the closest animal
ethical issues on the monkeys as there was emotional harm since it will impact monkeys future relationship
how can attachment be explained
learning theory
what does the learning theory propose about attachment
proposes that all behaviour is learnt rather than inborn
attachment forms to caregiver since it provides food
what is the two conditons in learning theory to explain attachment
operant
classical
what is classical conditioning
is when behaviour is learnt due to assosiation
how is classcial conditionng used in learning theory to explain attachment
cuboard love theory
food (US) provides pleasure (UR)
food and mother provides pleasure
this conditions the mother with association with food to form the attachment
what is operant conditioning
is when a behaviour is learnt through reinforcement
what are the types of reinforcement
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
what is positive reinforcement
is when behaviour is more likely when receiving a stimuli
what is negative reinforcement
is when behaviour is more likely when removing stimuli
evaluate the learning theory as an explanation of attachment
the behaviourst principles used to explain attachment have SE
it is environmentally reductionist because parents would say their attachment is more than just because of providing food
what is attachment
is an emotional bond between two people which leads to certain
what are the caregiver infant interactions
reciprocity
interactional synchrony
what is reciprocity
is when a behaviour occurs due to a response of another persons behaviour
what is interactional synchrony
is when two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of facial and body movements
whats imitation
is when the infant directly copies the caregiver expression
evaluate caregiver infant interactions
individual differences
problems with testings infants behaviour because infants constant motion its hard to distingish general and imitated behavour, decreased validity
who studied the stages of attachement
Schaffer
how many stages of attachment are there
four
what are the stages of attachment
- asocial
- indiscrimiate
- specific
- multiple
what is asocial attachment
happens between 0-6 weeks
babies display inate behaviours to any potential caregiver, anyone can comfort them
what is indiscrimate attachment
happens between 6weeks-7months
is when infants can tell a difference between familiar and non familiar people
what is specific attachment
occurs between 7-9 months
infants form a strong attachment to primary care giver
seperation and stranger anxiety develop
what is multiple attachment
9 monhs+
is when an infant develops additional attachments to other regular caregivers
stranger anxiety decreases
evaluate the stages of attachment
unreliable data as it was based on mothers reports of their infants which challeges the validity of data
biased sample only on working class population finding may vary in different social groups
what are the two ways attachment can be explained
learning theory
monotropic theory
what is bowlbys monotopic theory
he proposed that human infants have an innate tendency to form attachments to their primary care given
what does ascmi stand for
adaptive
social releasers
critical period
monotropy
internal working model
what is the believed critical period of attachment
3-6 months but up to 2years
evaluate bowblys theory
Se by grossman and grossman shows that one attachments does lead to another
what was the aim of ainsworth strange situation
to identify shared behaviours in different attacment types
what is strange situation
is a controlled onbservation designed to test attachment secruity
what is the procedure of ainsworth strange situation
eight episodes where either a carefiver and stranger either stay or leave the infant
it tests seperation anxiety and reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety
data observed by a group of observers
what are the findings of ainsworth strange situation
62% were secure attachment
22% insecure avoidant
12% insecure resistant
what is secure attachment
is when there is a strong and contented attachment to caregiver
name characteristics of secure attachment
moderate stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety and high reunion joy
what is insecure attachment
is an infant who avoids social interaction with others
what are characteristics
low stranger anxiety no seperation anxiety
what is insecure resistance
infants who seeks and reject social interaction
characteristics of insecure resistance
high seperation and stranger anxiety
evaluate ainsworth strange situation
high reliability as it can be replicated due to standardised procedure as control variables
cultural bias done in america cant be generalised
who studies cultural variations of attachment
Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
what was the procedure of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
meta anaylsis of 32 studies from 8 contries
all srudies used strange situation
what were the findings from Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
secure attachment most common in all countries
IR least common
avoidant was more common in western countries and resistant more common in non-western
what were the conclusions of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
there are variations of attachment types in different countries due to variations of parenting styles
evaluate Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
- one one study included so not represative of countries population
- culutural bias
+ high validiy since it has large sample size as it is a meta anaysis
what is deprivation
is to lose something`
what did bowlbys theory of maternal deprivations propose
propsed that prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consquences in terms of emotional development
what are the consequences of deprivation
delinquency due to disrupted social development
low IQ due to intellectual development impacted
what was the 44 thieves study procedure
44 criminal teens accused of stealing
were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychpathy e.g lack of guilty empathy etc
families were interviwed wether thieves had prolonged early seperation from mothers
what did the 44 thieves study study
studied the correlation of affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
what was the findings from the 44 thieves study
and what was the conclusion
14 thieves described as affectionless psychpathy and 12 had seperation from mothers
concludes that there is a correlation between prolonged early deprivation from mothers which causes affectionless psychopathy
what is insitutionalisation
refers to children being brought up under state care e.g children homes, these enviroments can alfter behaviours and impacts future
what is privation
is a total lack of care so no ability to form an attachment bond
who and what was the study of effects of institutionalisation
Rutter
romanian orphans
what was the procedure of romanian orphans
165 romaniam children who suffered effects of care
adopted by uk families
physical,cognitive, emotional development was assessed at 4,6,11,15,22-25
contol group of 52 from uk were adopted same time
what were the findings from romanian orphans study
half of adoptees showed delayed intellectual development
majority were undernourished
evaluate romanian orphan study
the unusual situation variables mean the study may lack generalisability
who studied the influence of early attachment
hazen and shaver
what was the procedure of hazen and shaver study
620 responses
to a love quiz
what were the findings of hazen and shaver study
positive correlation between attachment types and love expierences
evaluate the findings of hazen and shaver study
it relies on pps being honest about their attachment types from childhood
decrease reliabilty
