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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

name the types of approaches

A

behaviourism
social learning theory
cognitive
biological
psychodynamic
humanistic

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2
Q

what is the behaviourist approach

A

is an approach which focuses on learning. Behaviourists believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without the need to consider thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

how many types of conditioning are there

A

two

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4
Q

what are the types of conditioning

A

operant
classical

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5
Q

what approaches looks at types of conditioning

A

behaviourism

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

is learning through reinforcement or punishment

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7
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

is when a behaviour is learnt through association

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8
Q

who studied operant condiitoning

A

skinner

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9
Q

who studies classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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10
Q

what was pavlov procedure

A

he found that dogs salvated before seeing or smelling food

he paired UCR with a ns

over time the NS becomes a conditioned response showing the assosiation

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11
Q

what was skinner procedure into operatn conditioning

A

he placed a hungry rat in a cage with a bar and dispenser
once rat explored the cage the rat pressed the level and it released food
food acts a reward
rat learns that pulling on lever produces a positive reinforcemtn
making this behaviour more common

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12
Q

what is reinforcemtn

A

is when something strengthens a particular behaviour making it more likely to re occur

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13
Q

evaluate behaviourist approach

A

less generalisable as research is conducted on animals
high reliability as research uses standardised procedure
this approach has real life application e.g treating phobias

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14
Q

what is the social learning approach

A

is learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded

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15
Q

name the observational learning types bandura

A

modelling
imitation
identification
vicarious reinforcemtent
mediational processes

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16
Q

what is modelling

A

is learning from a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour

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17
Q

what is imitation

A

is the action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour

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18
Q

what is identification

A

is when an individual adopts an attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group

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19
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

is learning which is not as a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

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20
Q

what is mediational processes

A

refers to internal processes that exist between enviromental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli

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21
Q

what was the name of bandura study for SLT

A

Bobo Dolls

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22
Q

what does SLT stand for

A

social learning theory

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23
Q

what was the procedure for Bandura bobo dols

A

half of children observed aggressive adult models other half observed non aggressive models .

children were placed in a room with other toys and a bobo doll and was observed

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24
Q

what were the findings of bandura bobo dolls

A

1/3 children who observed a aggressive model reproduced a good deal or phsiclly and verbally aggressive behaviour resembling the model

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25
Q

evaluate SLT

A

real life application, in understanding criminal behaviour

+ emphasises cognitive factors as CC and OC does not explain just human behaviour as it recognises mediational processes

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26
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

focuses on how our mental processes e,g attention affects our behaviour

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27
Q

what are schemas

A

schemas are cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain

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28
Q

why are schemas useful

A

allow us to take shortcuts when interpret large amounts of info

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29
Q

how is cognitive approach studied/explained

A

theocratical models
computer models

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30
Q

what is a consequence of a schema

A

Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world

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31
Q

defintion of a theoretical model

A

Theoretical models suggest that the mind processes information in a systematic way.

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32
Q

example of theoretical model ?

A

multi store model of memory

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33
Q

defintion of comouter model

A

refers to the process of information of using a computer analogies as a representation of human cognition

34
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

is the scientific study of the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions

35
Q

what are the ways to study cognitive neuroscience

A

PET scans
fMRI scans

36
Q

how does PET and fMRI scans help the emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

as it helps psychologists understand how the brain supports different cognitive activities and emotions by highlighting what part of the brain becomes active in specific circumstances

37
Q

evaluate the cognitive approach

A

Models have presented a useful means to help explain internal mental processes

The approach provides a strong focus on internal mental processes, which behaviourists before did not.

The experimental methods used by the approach are considered scientific.

It could be argued that cognitive models over-simplify explanations for complex mental processes.

38
Q

what is the biological approach

A

assumes that there is a direct relationship between biology and behaviour and explores how behaviour is influenced by genetics and brain anatomy

39
Q

what is a gene

A

gene is a part of the chromosomes of an organisms that carries info in the form of DNA

40
Q

what are the three assumptions of the biological approach

A

genes
nervous system
neurochemistry

41
Q

how do genes influence our behaviour

A

behaviour influenced by genes which are inherited from bio parents
genotypes- gentic makeup inheritied, impacts height personality

42
Q

how does neurochemistry influence our behaviour

A

refers to chemical messages sent around the body- neurotransmitters
some of these can impact mood

43
Q

example on how genes influence our behaviour

A

twins, same characteristics mZ

44
Q

example on how neurochemistry influences our behaviour

A

impacts levels of neurotransmitters
low levels of serotonin leads to depression as a result impacts behaviour

45
Q

how can the nervous system influence our behaviour

A

structure of nervous system - influence behaviour
different parts of brain have different functions e.g control motor area

46
Q

evaluate the biological approach

A

nature not nurture

high validity as scientific methods controlled environments

real life examples… drug treatments for disorders such as depression

determinism over free will

47
Q

who studied psychdynamic approach

A

sigmund freud

48
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach

A

he assumed that people are born with instincts and needs that behaviour is largely controlled by the unconscious mind.

49
Q

how many structures of personality are there

A

three

50
Q

how did freud divide the mind

A

id
ego
super ego

51
Q

what is the role of the unconscious

A

contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed.

52
Q

what is the ID

A

ID motivates you to seek pleasure

53
Q

when did the ID develop

A

since birth

54
Q

what is the ego

A

the ego develops after 18 months and mediates between the impulsive demands of the ID and the reality of the external world

55
Q

what is the superego

A

it helps us understand the difference between what is right and what is wrong and makes us feel guilty if we do something against our moral values

56
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A

are unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety

57
Q

what are the examples of defence machnism

A

repression
denial
displacement

58
Q

what is repression

A

refers to the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses therefore the individual is often unaware

59
Q

what is denial

A

is the refusal to accept reality so refuses to deal with the feelings associated with the event or experience

60
Q

what is displacement

A

is when an individual redirects thoughts or feelings of a situation to another

61
Q

how did freud develop personality

A

he believed persoanlity was developed through psychosexual stages

62
Q

what are the psychsexual stages

A

oral
anal
phallic
latent
genital

63
Q

how many psychosecual stages are there

A

5

64
Q

what is the oral stage

A

0-1 years
babies recieve pleasure from their mouth during breastfeeding and biting

65
Q

what is the anal stage

A

occurs between 1-3 years
the child finds pleasure and conflict related to bowel movements as this is when a child will toilet stage

66
Q

what is the phallic stage

A

3-5
this is when the child focuses their pleasure on genitals
boys experience Oedipus complex, a strong attraction to their mother and their father is a competitor

67
Q

what is the latent stage

A

occurs between 6-12 years
is when the child devlops sexual enegery acorss the body

68
Q

what is the genital stage

A

12 years
the sexual desire is now conscious

69
Q

evaluate the psychdynamic approach

A

+ nature and nutrute interactionist
+ highlights importance in early childhood expierences
- deterministic ignores free wil
- not scientifc therefore lower validity

70
Q

what is the humanistic approach

A

believes that people have control over their own behaviour and destiny

known as free will

71
Q

what are the two humanistic psychologists

A

maslow
rogers

72
Q

what did maslow argue

A

argued that there range of conditions that need to be met before self actualisation
each needs to be met before moving onto the next need

73
Q

what was Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

physiological
safety
love
esteem
self-sctualisatoon

74
Q

how did rogers explain humanistic psychology

A

focus on the self

75
Q

describe focus on the self

A

he claimed that people have 2 basic needs
positive regard from other people and self worth
self worth develops in childhood and interactions influence
the closer ( how we percieve ourselves as a person) is to our ideal self the greater our self worth and psychological health

76
Q

what is congruence

A

is when there is a similarity between our ideal self and our self concept

77
Q

what is incongruence

A

occurs when there is a difference between our ideal self and our self concept

78
Q

what therapy did rogers devlop

A

client centered therapry

79
Q

what is client centered therapy which rogers developed

A

this therapy emphasises the importance of the present e.g now and future

80
Q

what did client centered therapy do

A

helps clients achieve congruence

81
Q

evaluate the humanistic approach

A

+ high validity as advocates holism as can only be understood when looking at whole person
- lacks real world application since it is not scientifically proven
- cultural difference between hieracy of needs

Psychology (7 decks)

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