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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

how many types of memory are there

A

two

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2
Q

what are the types of memory

A

short term memory
long term memory

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3
Q

what is capacity

A

is the measure of how much info can be held in memory

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4
Q

what is duration

A

is the measure of how long memory lasts before it is no longer attractable

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5
Q

what is short term memory used for

A

for info in immediate events since it is limited

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6
Q

what is the capacity of STM

A

5-9 items

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7
Q

what is the duration of STM

A

between 18-30 seconds

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8
Q

who studied capacity of STM

A

Jacob and miller

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9
Q

evaluate Jacobs and miller study for the capacity of STM

A

the capacity may be more limited as the research was on visual info not verbal which would effect the capacity

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10
Q

who studied duration of Short term memory

A

Peterson and Peterson

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11
Q

what is the Peterson and Peterson study on duration of STM

A

pps had to countback from a 3 digit number and every 3 seconds had to stop and recall a 3 constant syllable

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12
Q

evaluate P+P study on duration of short term memory

A

the testing was artifical because it lacks real world application since it is not everyday activity

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13
Q

what is long term memory

A

is the memory of events that happened in the past

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14
Q

what is the duration of long term memory

A

unlimited

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15
Q

what is the capacity of LTM

A

unlimited

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16
Q

who studied duration of LTM

A

Bahrick et al

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17
Q

what is the procedure of Bahrick et al study on duration of LTM

A

400 people ages between 17-74
tested on their memory of classmates, by using photo recognition of 50 photos from their highschool year book

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18
Q

what is the findings of Bahrick et al study on duration of LTM

A

pps who were tested within 15 years of graduation had 90%
after 48 years only 70% accuarcy
free recall, after 15 it was 60% after 48 years it was 30%

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19
Q

what is coding

A

is the way info can be changed and stored in memory

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20
Q

how is short term memory coded

A

acoustically

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21
Q

how is long term memory coded

A

semantically

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22
Q

Who proposed the multi store model of memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

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23
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

is an explanation of memory based on three separate memory stores and how it can be transferred between

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24
Q

name the stages of multi store model of memory

A

environmental stimuli
sensory register
attention
short term memory
maintenance rehearsal or decay
retrieval/ rehearsal
long term memory

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25
Q

what does the sensory registor do

A

is where information from the sense are held

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26
Q

what is the capacity of sensory register

A

very large

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27
Q

what is the duration of the sensory register

A

milliseconds

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28
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal

A

is repetition of info in STM which is repeated it will be transferred to LTM

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29
Q

what is retrieval

A

is the process of getting info from LTM passed back through to the STM where the info is available to use

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30
Q

evaluate multi store model of memory

A

S- SE, from studies using brain scanning
L- too simplistic as LTM uses more than maintenance rehearsal

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31
Q

who proposed the working memory model

A

Baddeley and hitch

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32
Q

what is the working memory model

A

is an explanation of memory used when working on a task

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33
Q

name the parts of the working memory model

A

central executive
phonological loop
episodic buffer
visuospatial sketchpad
long term memory

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34
Q

what is the capacity of the central executive

A

limited capacity

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35
Q

what is the central executive

A

it monitors and directs attention to particular tasks determining what brain slave system is allocated to the task

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36
Q

how many slave systems is there in the working memory model

A

three

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37
Q

what are the slave systems in the working memory model

A

phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer

38
Q

what does the phonological loop do

A

deals with auditory info and preserves the order of the information

39
Q

what does the visuospatial sketchpad do

A

it codes visual information in terms of separate objects and arranges the objects in ones visual field

40
Q

when was the episodic buffer added to the working memory model

A

2000

41
Q

what does the episodic buffer do

A

it is the general store which is used to integrate information from other stores which maintains sequence and send information to LTM

42
Q

evaluate the working memory model

A

S- it shows dual task performance
S- there is SE from KF whom was brain damaged
L- doesnt consider other components of CE, what is CE?

43
Q

how many types of LTM

A

three

44
Q

what are the types of LTM

A

episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory

45
Q

what is episodic memory

A

personal memories of events

46
Q

what is semantic memory

A

memories of shared facts and knowledge

47
Q

what is procedural memory

A

is memories on how to do things with skills

48
Q

how many ways is there to explain forgetting

A

two

49
Q

what are the ways of explanations of forgetting

A

retrieval failure
interference

50
Q

how many types of interference are there

A

two

51
Q

what are the types of interference

A

proactive
retroactive

52
Q

what is interference

A

is an explanation for forgetting in terms of one memory distrubting the ability of recall another memory

53
Q

what is proactive interference

A

is when old memories interferes with current memories

54
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

is when new memories impact old memories

55
Q

who studied retroactive interference

A

Mullen and students

56
Q

what was Mullen study about retroactive interference
procedure

A

pps were given a list of nonsense syllables to learn for 6 minutes and after retention interval had to recall
performance was worse if pps were interfered between initial learning and recall

57
Q

evaluate Mullen study of retroactive interference

A

artificial setting therefore it lacks real world application

58
Q

what is retrieval failure in LTM

A

is when an individual is unable to retrieve info from LTM because there/ the item has insufficient cues

59
Q

when does retrieval failure occur

A

it occurs due to an absence of cues

60
Q

what are cues

A

cues are things that serve as a reminder

61
Q

who studied context dependent forgetting

A

godden and baddley

62
Q

Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting
state the procedure and the conditions

A

had to learn a set of words either on land or underwater then was tested
1. LL+ RL ++
2. LL+ RU
3. LU+ RU++
4. LU+Rl

63
Q

Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting
findings

A

it showed that the highest recall occures when both the encoding and recall was done in the same enviroment

64
Q

evaluate Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting

A

high reliability as there is supporting evidence

real world application

65
Q

what impacts eye witness testimony

A

misleading information
post event discussion
leading questions

66
Q

what is eye witness testimony

A

is the evidence provided in court by a person who witnessed the crime

67
Q

what is miss leading info

A

is suppling info that may lead to witnesses memory for a crime to be altered

68
Q

what is post event discussion

A

is a conversation between co witnesses and interviewer and eye witness after a crime has happened may contaminate a witness memory for the event

69
Q

what are leading questions

A

are question as that by its former content suggests to witness what answer is desired

70
Q

who studied leading questions

A

Loftus and Palmer

71
Q

what is the Aim of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions

A

aim is to test whether language in EWT can alter memory.

72
Q

what are the results of procedure 1

A

as the intensity of the verb increased in the question, the estimate of the speed increased
e.g contracted 31.8mph
smashed 40.8mph

73
Q

what is Procedure of experiment 1of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions

A

45 pps watched film clips of car crash and asked LQ ‘ how fast were the cars driving’
5 groups of pps each given a different verb

74
Q

what is Procedure of experiment 2 of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions

A

new pps, divided into 3 groups shown a clip of car crash
asked questions about speed
pps returned a week later and asked di they see any broken glass

75
Q

what are the results of experiment 1of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions

A

it showed that leading questions did change the memory pps had on an events

76
Q

evaluate Loftus and palmer study on leading questions

A

ethical issues -L
S- real world application as it helps out criminal justice system

77
Q

what impacts the accuracy of EWT

A

anxiety
cognitive interview

78
Q

what is anxiety

A

is an unpleasant emotional state that is often accompanied by increased heart, breathing rate

79
Q

how many effects does anxiety have

A

two

80
Q

what are the effects of anxiety

A

positive effect
negative effect

81
Q

how does anxiety impact eye witness testimony positively

A

anxiety creates more enduring and accurate memories

82
Q

who studied anxiety on eye witness testimony

A

Johnson and Scott

82
Q

what is the procedure of Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT

A

lap experiment
pps heard an argument in next room
LA- man walked through carring pen + greasy hands
HA- heard sounds of broken glass, man carried knife covered in blood
pps had to pick the man out of 50 photos

82
Q

how does anxiety impact eye witness testimony negatively

A

it impacts memory and performance of eye witness testimony

83
Q

what is the findings of Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT

A

LA- 49% correct
HA- 33% correct

84
Q

evaluate Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT

A

lacks ecological validity because they may of
anticipated that something was going to happen. Also this setting does not represent real-life cases of extreme anxiety.

ethical issues, pps were decieved about the nature of the experiment and they were not protected from harm

85
Q

what is the cognitive interview

A

is a police technique for interviewing witnesses which encourages them to recreate the original context which increases the accessibility of stored info

86
Q

how many components of CI are there ?

A

four

87
Q

what the component of the CI

A
  1. reinstate the orginal context
  2. report everything
  3. change order of the events
  4. change perspectives
88
Q

evaluate the cognitive interview

A

L- individual differences
L- time consuming, requires training which is expensive however more accurate findings for our criminal justice system
S- meta analysis on SE of CI effectivness

Psychology (7 decks)

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