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PSYCHOLOGY > RESEARCH METHODS NEW > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODS NEW Flashcards

1
Q

Aim

A

Describes he purpose of the investigation

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2
Q

IV

A

what te researcher changes or manipulates

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3
Q

DV

A

What they record or measure

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4
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that might interfere with the IV or DV
Should be controlled or removed.

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5
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues that help the participants guess the hypothesis.

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6
Q

Investigator effects

A

Characteristics/ behaviour that the researcher shows that may influence the results e.g body language.

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7
Q

Standardisation

A

Using the same procedures and instructions for every particiant.

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8
Q

Independent groups

A

2 separate groups of participants experience 2 different conditions. Performance would then be compared.

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9
Q

A03 of independent groups

A

Negative= individual differences.
Positive= demand characteristics and order effect is not a problem.

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10
Q

Repeated measures

A

All ppts take part in all conditions then are compared to see if there’s a difference

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11
Q

A03 of repeated measures

A

Negative= order effects. And demand characteristics.
Positive= ppt variables are controlled and fewer are needed.

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12
Q

Matched pairs.

A

Ppts are paired together.
Each ppt would be allocated to a different condition.

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13
Q

A03 of matched pairs

A

Time consuming. Expensive.

Order effects are not a problem

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14
Q

Types of experiments

A

Lab
Field
Quasi
Natural

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15
Q

Lab experiments

A

Highly controlled
Maintaining strict control of extraneous variables

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16
Q

A03 go lab experiments.

A

+ high control of EV. High internal validity.
+ replication is more possible.

  • ppts are aware they are being studied. Demand characteristics.
  • doesn’t represent real-life
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17
Q

Field experiments

A

IV is manipulated in a natural, more everyday setting

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18
Q

A03 of field experiments

A

+ high external validity
+ natural environment

  • loss of control of extraneous variables.
  • technical issues as participants dont know they are being studied.
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19
Q

Natural experiments

A

In a natural setting

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20
Q

Random sample

A

Taken randomly e.g in a hat

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21
Q

A03 of random sample

A

Free from researcher bias.

Time consuming
Can be difficult to carry out

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22
Q

Systematic sample

A

Every nth number of the target population is selected.

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23
Q

A03 of systematic sample

A

Avoids researcher bias
Fairly representative.

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24
Q

Stratified sample

A

Sub groups

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25
Q

A03 of stratified sample

A

Avoids researcher bias
Representative- can be generalised

Cannot reflect all ways- complete representation not possible.

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26
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Anyone willing are selected

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27
Q

A03 of opportunity sampling

A

Cheap, quick, convenient

Unrepresentative
Besearcher bias

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28
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Select themselves to be part of
Advert or raise hands

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29
Q

A03 of volunteer sampling

A

Easy
Not time consuming

Volunteer bias

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30
Q

Ethical isssues

A

Arise when conflict exists between rights of participants and goals of research

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31
Q

Informed consent

A

Making participants aware of the aims of the research. And the procedures, and their rights
Also what their data will be used for so can make a judgement if they want to participate or not.
May make behaviour unnatural or data meaningless.

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32
Q

Dealing with informed consent

A

Consent letter
Under 16’s need a parental signature

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33
Q

Deception

A

Deliberately misleading or withholding information

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34
Q

Protection from harm

A

Should be protected from physical, and psychological harm.
Reminded of their right to withdraw

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35
Q

Dealing with deception and protection from harm

A

Debriefing= made aware of the true aims after the study.
Should be assured hat their behaviour is normal and offer counselling

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36
Q

Privacy and confidentiality

A

Right to control information about themselves

If privacy is invaded, confidentiality should be protected.

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37
Q

Dealing with privacy and confidentiality

A

Should be reminded that data is protected.
Brief and debrief

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38
Q

What is a covert observation

A

P aren’t aware they are being studied

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39
Q

What is an overt observation

A

P are aware they are being studied

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40
Q

What is a non-participant observation

A

Observer is separate from P

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41
Q

What is a participant observation

A

The observer is taking part with participants

42
Q

What is a controlled observation

A

Behaviour is observed under conditions organised by the investigator

43
Q

What is a naturalistic observation

A

Observation carried out in an everyday setting.
The investigator does not interfere

44
Q

What is a structured interview

A

Where questions are decided in advance and are not strayed from

45
Q

What is an unstructured interview

A

Where it can have a range of questions.
Allows the participants answers to guide the following questions

46
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

Written questions
Often handed out
Newspapers
Posted

47
Q

A03 pos and neg of structured interviews

A

Can be easily replicated

Interviewer bias

48
Q

A03 pos and neg of unstructured interviews

A

More detailed and can find out more information.

More skills required and takes longer to find an actual answer.

49
Q

A03 pos and neg of questionnaires

A

Can be given to a large sample and quickly

Biased sample, some people may guess or put random answers if they are unsure- not replicable of the actual outcome

50
Q

What is interviewer bias

A

The effect of an interviewers expectations on a P behaviour

51
Q

What is social desirability bias

A

A distortion in the way people answer questions in order to place themselves in a better light

52
Q

What are closed questions

A

Have a predetermined selection of answers to choose form.
May not give a true answer if the selection does not present them

53
Q

What are open questions

A

Invite respondents to provide their own answers. Provides detail but makes it harder to compare answers.

54
Q

What shape signifies a normal distribution

A

A symmetrical bell-shape

55
Q

What does a skewed distribution look like

A

One tail is longer than the other

56
Q

What does a skewed distribution look like

A

One tail is longer than the other

57
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

When the same test or interview is given to the same P on 2 occasions to see if the same results are attained

58
Q

What is concurrent validity

A

Where you compare an existing test or questionnaire with one you’re interested in

59
Q

What is face validity.

A

The extent to which test items look like what the test claims to measure

60
Q

What is temporal validity

A

The ability to generalise the research effect beyond the particular time period of the study.

61
Q

What is probibility

A

Numerical measure of the likelihood that certain events will occur

62
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

An assumption that there is no relationship. Between the variables

63
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

Testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

64
Q

When do type 1 errors occur

A

When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true

65
Q

When do type ll errors occur

A

When a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that is not true.

66
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

When a system is used to select participants.
Pick every Nth person from all possible participants.

67
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

When you identify the subgroups and select participants in proportion to their occurrences.

68
Q

What is snowball sampling

A

When researchers find a few P and then ask them to find P themselves and so on

69
Q

What dies operationalise of variables mean

A

Making them measurable.
Use operationalisation to ensure that variables are in a form that can easily be measured.
Also makes it easy for someone else to replicate the research.
Important- check if the findings are reliable.

70
Q

What happens if extraneous variables are not controlled

A

It will affect the results

71
Q

What is counterbalancing:

A

Prevents order effects
Involves ensuring that each condition is equally likely to be used first and second by the P

72
Q

Explain correlation

A

Means association
Measure of the extent to which 2 variables are related.

73
Q

What is a pilot study

A

It is an initial run-through of the procedures to be used in an investigation.
Help the researcher spot and usual things or confusion in the info given to P.

74
Q

What is reliability

A

Measure of consistency
If same results are achieved when repeated it is said to be reliable.

75
Q

What is test- retest reliability

A

Assessing the same person on 2 different occasions which shows the extent to which the test produces the same answers

76
Q

What is inter- observer reliability

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between 2 or more observers.

77
Q

What is meta-analysis

A

Statistical procedure used to combine findings from multiple independent studies to estimate the average effect size for a particular research question.

78
Q

How is meta- analysis achieved

A

Looking through various databases, and then decisions are made about what studies are to be included or excluded.

79
Q

What is one strength and one limitation of meta-analysis

A

Strength: increases the conclusions validity as they are based on a wider range.

Limitation: research designs in studies can vary, so they are not truly comparable

80
Q

What is primary data

A

First- hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation.

81
Q

What is secondary data

A

Information that has been collected by someone other than the person who is inducting the research.

82
Q

What is validity

A

Means how well a peice of research actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

83
Q

What is concurrent validity

A

Te extent to which a psychological meaure relates to an existing measure and obtains close results.

84
Q

What is face validity

A

Does the test measure what it’s supposed to measure ‘on the face of it’

85
Q

What is ecological validity

A

The extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other settings/ real life

86
Q

What is temporal validity.

A

The extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other historical times

87
Q

What is a type II error

A

The null hypothesis is accepted when it should be rejected.

88
Q

What is a type I error

A

When the null hypothesis is rjected when it should have been accepted.

89
Q

What is a correlation coefficient

A

Statistical test which gives the number of the correlation coefficient
Value between +1 and -1.
Perfect correction is +/-1
Tells us about the strength of the relationship.

90
Q

What are the measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median, mode

91
Q

What is the mean

A

Average
Add up all scores and divide by the number of scores

92
Q

What is the median

A

Middle value
Place scores in ascending order and select middle value
If there’s 2= mean of these is calculated.

93
Q

What is the mode

A

Most frequent or common value
Used within norminal data

94
Q

What are the measures of dispersion

A

Range and standard deviation

95
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Numerical data

96
Q

Strength of quantitative data

A

Easier to analyse
Can draw graphs and calculate averages
Can see patterns

97
Q

What is a limitation of quantitative data

A

It oversimplifies behaviour
Individual meanings are lost

98
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Non-numerical data
Words
Diary extract etc

99
Q

Strength of qualitative data

A

Represents complexities
In more detail
Can include opinions

100
Q

What is a limitation of qualitative data

A

Hard to analyse
More detail included
Time consuming

PSYCHOLOGY (16 decks)

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