APPROACHES Flashcards
What is imitation
Copying behaviours of others
What is identification
When observers associate themselves with a role model.
They want to be like the role model
What is modelling
Imitating behaviour of the role model.
What is vicarious reinforcement
occurs through observing someone else’ being reinforced for their behaviour.
More likely to do it if they are being positively reinforced.
What are mediational processes
ARRM.
A= attention
R= retention
R=reproduction
M=motivation
M= modelling
Cognitive factors that influence learning a a behaviour.
What is attention
Noticing certain behaviours
Retention
Remembering
Reproduction
Carrying the same behaviour out again
Motivation
A reason e.g a role model
What is the cognitive approach
= focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour.
= the mind processes information from our senses. (Touch, taste, smell etc.)
Internal mental processes
‘Private’ operations of the minds.
Schema
Mental shortcut of beliefs and expectations developed from an experience.
Pros of schemas
P= mental shortcut
E= we dont have to rethink the same ideas
E= helps is to remember.
Cons of schemas
P=can lead to inaccurate views
E= e.g perceptions of snakes
E=can lead to prejudice and phobias.
Genes
Made of dna. Codes for physical features of an organism
Genotype
Set of genes that’s. Person possesses
Phenotype
Characteristics of an individual determined by:
Both genes and the environment
What is the psychodynamic approach
=where behaviour is influenced by early childhood experiences
What is the unconscious mind
Part if the mind we are unaware of
Conscious mind
Part of the mind we are aware of on a daily basis
Whats the id
Aggressive
Demands immediate gratification
Ego
Reality checks
Balances id and superego
Superego
Good part
What is repression
Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge some parts of reality
Displacement
Psychically doing something
What are the psychosexual stages
5 stages that all children pass through
By Freud
The outcome determines the future
Oral 0-1
Pleasure in the mouth- breast
Unresolved conflict leads to e.g nail biting
Anal 1-3
Anus is focus of pleasure
Holding in and expelling faeces
Unresolved= anal retentive
Phallic 3-5
Genital area
Oedipus complex
Unresolved, homosexual, narcissistic
What is the case of Little Hans
5 year old with phobia of horses
Freud thought the horse represented his father
He was scared he would castrate him for desiring his mother
This is the Oedipus complex
Psychodynamic therapy
Talking freely to a therapist
Saying first thing that comes to mind
Allows true thoughts
Humanistic psychology
We have free will
Free will
Humans cannot make choices and are not determined.
Self-actualisation
Becoming the best version of yourself.
Fulfil one’s potential.
Becoming what you are capable of
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
A five levelled pyramid.
Must have every factor in one section before you can move up.
If you dint have one in a lower section you are stuck there until you have it.
The top is called self actualisation.
what is humanistic counselling
When thee client is always right.
Client concentrated
Wundt
=father of psych.
=emphasised technique of introspection which beaks down someone’s mental and emotional processes into thoughts, images and sensations. He then analysed them.
=his work helped the study of mental processes.
