MEMORY Flashcards
Coding
Type of information stored in each memory store.
What type of coding is in short-term memory
Acoustic
What type of coding is in long- term memory
Semantic
What did Baddeley demonstrate about coding
More mistakes are made when recalling acoustically- similar words straight after learning them.
More mistakes are made when recalling semantically- similar words 20 minutes after learning them. (LTM)
Capacity- Jacob’s
The volume of information which can be kept in a memory store at a time
What is the capacity of STM
7+/-2 chunks
What is the capacity of LTM
Unlimited
Duration
Amount of time that information can be stored in each memory store
What is the duration of STM
18-30 seconds
What did Peterson find
By increasing retention intervals decreases the accuracy of recall of consonant syllables
What does the MSM represent
How memory is stored, transferred between stores, retrieved and forgotten
What are the 3 stores
Sensory register
STM
LTM
What does the sensory register contain
5 senses
What are the 3 types of LTM
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
What is episodic memory
Memory that describes memories which have some kind of personal meaning
E.g a wedding
What is semantic memory
Memories of the world and our general knowledge
Procedural memories
Describe our memories of ‘learnt skills’
E.g riding a bike
What memories are recalled consciously
Episodic and semantic
What memories are recalled unconsciously
Procedural
What does the WMM say that STM is made up of
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Episodic buffer
Central executive
Described as ‘attentional processes’
Limited processing capacity
Phonological loop
Processes auditory information
Allows maintenance rehersal
Visual-spatial sketch pad
Combines the visual and spatial information processed by other stores
Episodic buffer
Storage component.
Crucial for linking STM and LTM
Forgetting.
What is interference
When one memory blocks the recall of another.
Causes forgetting or distorted perceptions of these memories
What is retroactive interference
New memories block recollection of old memories
What is proactive interference
Old memories block the recollection of new memories.
Forgetting
Retrieval failure:
When there are no ‘cues’ present to help you remember
What are the two types of forgetting
Context- dependant and state dependant
What is context- dependant forgetting
What external cues do not match with those present at recall.
E,g deep water divers remember better in the same condition e.g underwater
What is state-dependant forgetting
When our internal he’s at the time of encoding do not match with those present at recall
E.g in same room
What is eye witness testimony
The information recalled about a crime by an eyewitness
How can the accuracy be reduced of an EWT
Leading questions
What was Loftus and Palmers study
Participants watched a film clip of a car crashing
Gave speed estimates about how fast the car was going
Each group exposed to different verbs
Suggests leading questions as the way they were phrased gave different answers by PPTS
How can leading questions give the effect of response bias
Questions influence the PPTS to give a certain answer
How do post-event discussions demonstrate ‘memory conformity’
We are more likely to pick up upon incorrect ideas or details because we believe the other person is right
