Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCHOLOGY > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

Someone is mentally abnormal when their mental condition is very rare to the population. It is judged using stats, comparing the individuals behaviour to the rest of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the normal distribution curve show

A

A populations average spread of specific characteristics.
Mean, median and mode are the highest points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

Defined as abnormal if they cannot cope in this daily lives.
E.g ability to interact with the world and meet their challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Rosenhan and Seligmans features of failure to function
(5)

A

Maladaptive behaviour
Personal anguish
Observer discomfort
Irrationality
Unconventionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is maladaptive behaviour

A

When individuals behave in ways that go against their long term interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is personal anguish

A

When the individual suffers from anxiety and distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is observer discomfort

A

When the individuals behaviour causes distress to those around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is irrationality

A

When it is difficult to understand the motivation behind the individuals unexpected behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is unconventionality

A

Behaviour that doesn’t match what is typically expected by society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

Social norm: expectation of behaviour that can vary from culture to culture and change over time
People who deviate from these social expectations may be seen as abnormal or deviants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deviation form ideal mental health

A

Marie Jahodas definition focuses on ways to improve and become a better person rather than dysfunctional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Jahodas 6 features of ideal mental health

A
  1. Environmental mastery
  2. Autonomy
  3. Resistance to stress
    4.self-actualisation
    5.positive attitude towards oneself
    6.accurate perception of reality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is environmental mastery

A

The ability to adapt and thrive in new situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is autonomy

A

The ability to act independently nad trust in ones own abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is resistance to stress

A

The internal strength to cope with anxiety caused by daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is self-actualisation

A

The ability to reach ones potential through personal growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is positive attitudes towards ones self

A

Characterised by high self-esteem and self -respect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is accurate perception of reality

A

The ability to see the world as it is without being distorted by personal biases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a phobia

A

An extreme and irrational fear of objects

20
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Avoidance
Panic
Failure to function

21
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety
Fear

22
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Irrational thoughts
Reduced cognitive capacity

23
Q

Depression

A

A mood disorder defined bay. Consistent and long-lasting sense of sadness

24
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Reduction in activity level
A change in eating behaviour
An increase in aggression

25
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

Sadness
Guilt

26
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration
Negative schemas

27
Q

OCD

A

Obsessions which are constant, and intrustive thoughts that cause high anxiety levels.

28
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions
Avoidance
Social impairment

29
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety
Depression

30
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Obsessions
Selective attention
Hypervigilance

31
Q

What is the behaviourist approach to explaining phobias

A

That behaviour is learn t from interacting with the environment
The 2 process model: phobias are learnt through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.

32
Q

Explain the process of classical conditioning

A

A phobic object starts out as a neutral stimulus (NS). It causes a neutral response (NR). An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned fear response (UCR).
An association is formed when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The object then becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) now producing a conditioned responses (NR) aka fear

33
Q

Explain operant conditioning

A

Form of learning
Occurs through learning the consequences of our actions.

34
Q

What are the 2 behaviourist approaches to treating phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation (SD)
Flooding

35
Q

Explain the 4 steps included with systematic desensitisation

A
  1. Therapist teaches the client relaxation techniques like breathing exercises
  2. Client creates an anxiety hierarchy
  3. Client is exposed to each level of the anxiety hierarchy starting the bottom
  4. When the client can hold it without fear, they have overcome the phobia
36
Q

Explain flooding

A

Immediate and full exposure to the max level.
Causes extreme panic
Therapists job is to stop the client from escaping the situation.
Feat= energy= exhausted.
If they leave beforehand, the phobia would be reinforced.

37
Q

What is a schema
Cognitive approach to explaing depression

A

Mental framework based on experiences.
Allow us to quickly process large amounts of sensory information.
We can make automatic assumptions and responses

38
Q

What is becks negative triad
Cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

The self, the world, the future
Can lead to avoidance, social withdrawal and inaction.
Develops in childhood
Can lead to cognitive distortions.

39
Q

Explain Ellis’s ABC model
Cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

Activating event
Belief
Consequence

40
Q

How to treat depression
Explain Becks CBT

A

Patient is seen as a scientist. They generate and test hypothesis about the validity of their irrational thoughts.
They will realise they do not match with reality.
Thought catching: identify irrational thoughts coming from the negative triad of schemas.
Homework tasks: keeping a diary of thoughts.
Can also take part in activities the sufferer used to enjoy

41
Q

Explain Ellis’s REBT as a way of treating depression

A

Rational emotive behaviour therapy.
Development of Ellis’s ABC model adding D for dispute and a E for effort.
Client should perform a behaviour they are afraid of doing infront of others. Sows client they can act against their negative thoughts

42
Q

What is the difference between Becks’s CBT and Ellis’s REBT models

A

CBT: helps the client to figure out the irrationality of their thoughts themselves by acting as a scientist.
REBT the therapist explains the irrationality of the thoughts directly to the patient through dispution

43
Q

Explain the biological approach as a way oof explaining OCD

A

Can be due to faulty physical processes
DNA inherited from your parents
Affects 1 in 50 people

44
Q

Explain the genetic approach as a way of explaining OCD

A

Inherited from parents
There are around 230 candidate genes that are found more frequently in people with OCD.
Suggests that OCD is polygenic

45
Q

What is the neural explanation of OCD

A

Biochemical causes an imbalance of neurotransmitters
Low serotonin= cause obsessive thoughts

46
Q

Explain drug therapies as a way of treating OCD
SSRIs

A

Antidepressant drugs such as SSRISs
Called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Can take 3-4 months to reduce symptoms and for some patients they are not effective.

PSYCHOLOGY (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions