Research methods

Question 1

Ethical- Informed consent

Answer 1

Everyone who participates in research should have consented fully understanding their involvement.

Question 2

Ethical- Right to withdraw

Answer 2

The participant should be made aware of their right to drop out of the research whenever they want

Question 3

Ethical- Deception

Answer 3

Should not lie, the purpose of the experiment and what was happening.

Question 4

Ethical- confidentiality

Answer 4

Should not be named/no public.

Question 5

Ethical- Protection from harm- protection of participants

Answer 5

Not to harm participation.

Question 6

Sample- Chosen participants

Answer 6

A good sample is important so that we can make generalisations. Apply what we have learnt from research to the general population.

Question 7

Methods: Simple random sample

Answer 7

Random selection of a number of individuals from a sampling frame. S: like to be representative W: Could exclude key groups. Can be through e.g. names from a hat.

Question 8

Methods: Stratified random sample

Answer 8

Divide the population into strata of relevant characteristics. S: representative, including key groups W: example/difficult

Question 9

Methods: Opportunity sample

Answer 9

Using people who are available. S: Convenience, W: Introduces bias into the sample; unlikely to be representative

Question 10

Methods: Volunteer sample

Answer 10

Any participants who want to join. S: Good for selecting people with particular characteristics ( with a particular mental health condition or certain social characteristics) W: introduces bias into the sample; unlikely to be representative. often recruited through e.g. an advertisement

Question 11

Experiments- A field experiment

Answer 11

S: set in a natural environment. W: Lack of control of extraneous variables

Question 12

Experimenta- Natural experiment

Answer 12

S: The IV is naturally occurring e.g. earthquake. W: Lack of control of extraneous variables. Not possible to randomly allocate participants

Question 13

Extraneous

Answer 13

Not directly connected with or related to something. Extra, might affect the experiment

Question 14

When does deception happen?

Answer 14

Usually occurs during a debrief, where the aims and intended outcomes of a study are fully disclosed

Question 15

How is deception dealt with?

Answer 15

That researchers keep participants records in a safe and secure place, and destroy them after a suitable amount of time, as agreed with participants

Question 16

When does protection happen?

Answer 16

Researchers should highlight any aspect of a procedure that may cause individual psychological harm and minimise these risk. Incentives should not be used to encourage participants to endure harm that is beyond what they may experience in everyday life

Question 17

When does the right to withdraw happen?

Answer 17

Being able to withdraw their results for an agreed time after the study is complete. A participant should never be offered an incentive, such as money, to forgo their right to withdraw

Question 18

Experiments- Laboratory experiment

Answer 18

Is an investigation that takes places in a controlled environment. The aim is to discover the cause and effect between the IV and DC variables by controlling or eliminating other extraneous variables. S: Cause and effect can be established between the IV and DV, which can help with internal validity. W: Conducted in an unnatural environment

Question 19

Experiments- A field experiment

Answer 19

In an experiment conducted in a natural environment. An IV that is manipulated by the researcher and a DV that is measured. S: Conducted in a naturalistic environment, so the behaviour is natural W: Not all extraneous variables can be controlled because it is a real-life environment

Question 20

Experiments- Natural experiment

Answer 20

Also occurs in a real-life environment and has an IV and DV, but researchers themselves do not manipulate the IV as it occurs naturally. S: The IV is naturally occurring and not manipulated W: It is not possible to randomly allocate participants to conditions of the IV, so there may be issues with participants variables that can influence the findings