research methods

Question 1

what do guidelines say about debriefing

Answer 1

a debrief should always be given so PS know full aim of study

Question 2

what do ethical guidelines say about observation

Answer 2

participants can only be observed covertly in a public place

Question 3

what comes under respect

Answer 3

consent , withdrawal and confidentiality

Question 4

what comes under competence

Answer 4

advice

Question 5

what comes under responsibility

Answer 5

protection and debrief

Question 7

How do you overcome deception

Answer 7

Give debrief at end

Question 8

How do you overcome consent issues

Answer 8

Gain informed consent or debrief participants at the end

Question 9

How do you overcome issues with confidentiality

Answer 9

Anonymise participants data eg by giving them a participant number

Question 10

How do you overcome issues with withdrawal

Answer 10

Gain informed consent at the start of the study

Question 11

How do you overcome issues with protection

Answer 11

Avoid harm
Debrief and advice at end of

Question 12

What is random sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 12

When every member of target population has equal chance of being picked
E.g pulling names out of hat
Strength : unbiased
Weakness : time consuming
People selected may not want to take part

Question 13

What is opportunity sampling

Answer 13

People readily available at time of study are picked
Quick and cheap
However it may be biased as all participants are selected from the same place

Question 14

What are the strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling

Answer 14

Strengths : less withdrawal as participants signed themselves up for it
Weaknesses : bias as certain types of people are more likely to take part

Question 15

What are the strengths and weaknesses of snowball sampling

Answer 15

Strengths : useful for hard to reach populations
Weaknesses : biased as participants are likely to recruit people like them

Question 16

What is a self report

Answer 16

A method that involves asking participants about their thoughts feelings or opinions towards something

Question 17

What is a questionnaire

Answer 17

Questions to gather information

Question 18

What is an interview

Answer 18

Technique used to collect data on people’s thoughts , involves social interaction

Question 19

What are the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

Answer 19

Able to reach large populations
Anonymous so may encourage honesty

Not everyone responds
Possible bias

Question 20

What are the strengths and weaknesses of interviews

Answer 20

Questions can be altered based on responses

Responses may be altered due to feeling judged by the researcher
Time consuming

Question 21

What are the strengths of a structured interview

Answer 21

Easy to compare answers and replicate
Lack depth and detail and participants may feel uncomfortable as it’s formal

Question 22

What are the strengths and weaknesses of semi structured interviews

Answer 22

Participants can expand on answers giving more detail
Hard to replicate or compare answers

Question 23

What are the strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews

Answer 23

Flexible and researcher can build relationship with participant

Data may not be relevant
Time consuming and hard to replicate

Question 24

What is a semantic differential rating scale

Answer 24

Scale that measures a persons attitude towards something by putting it on a scale between two descriptive words

Question 25

What are the strengths of semantic differential rating scale

Answer 25

Easy to analyse Descriptive words give the scale more meaning

Question 26

What are the weaknesses of a semantic differential rating scale

Answer 26

Open to response bias Lack depth and detail

Question 27

What is a likert scale

Answer 27

A type of rating scale that allows people to indicate how much they agree or disagree with a statement

Question 28

What are the strengths of using a likert scale

Answer 28

Tells you strength of an opinion Easy to analyse

Question 29

What are the weaknesses of using a likert scale

Answer 29

Open to response bias Data has to be proccessed before it can be analysed

Question 30

What is a structured observation and what are the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 30

Researcher has predetermined behaviours that they tally as they occur Strengths - easy to record and analyse High inter rated reliability Weaknesses - Lowe validity and increased observer bias

Question 31

What are unstructured observations and what are the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 31

The researcher has no predetermined behaviours to look out for Strengths - higher validity and reduced observer bias Weaknesses - low inter rater reliability and harder to observe

Question 32

What is a participant observation and what are the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 32

Observer is part of the group or pretending to be part of the group being observed Strengths - more accuracy and detail Weaknesses - increased observer bias

Question 33

What are non participant observations and what are the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 33

Observer is not part of the group of people being observed Strength - decreased observer bias Weaknesses - decreased accuracy and detail

Question 34

What are the strengths and weaknesses of overt observations

Answer 34

Increased ethics but increased observer effects

Question 35

What are the strengths and weaknesses of covert observations

Answer 35

Decreased observer effects but they have decreased ethics

Question 36

What are strengths and weaknesses of time sampling

Answer 36

Easier to record data but behaviours outside of time frames are likely to be missed

Question 37

What are strengths and weaknesses of event sampling

Answer 37

Less likely to miss behaviour but data is harder to record

Question 38

What are coding frames and what is the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 38

Behavioural categories are coded and can be rated for severity May be more detailed than checklists May be open to bias and not consistent

Question 39

What stats test would you use for ordinal data with independent measures design

Answer 39

Mann Whitney u

Question 40

What stats test would you use for nominal level data and independent measures design

Answer 40

Chi squared

Question 41

What stats test would you use for repeated measures design and nominal level data

Answer 41

Binomial sign test

Question 42

What stats test would you use for ordinal level data and repeated measures or matched pairs design

Answer 42

Wilcoxon signed ranks

Question 43

What stats test would you use for ordinal / interval level data and a correlation

Answer 43

Spearman’s Rho